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Journal of Zhejiang University....Antisense RNA molecule represents a unique type of DNA transcript that comprises 19-23 nucleotides and is complementary to mRNA. Antisense RNAs play the crucial role in... (Review)
Review
Antisense RNA molecule represents a unique type of DNA transcript that comprises 19-23 nucleotides and is complementary to mRNA. Antisense RNAs play the crucial role in regulating gene expression at multiple levels, such as at replication, transcription, and translation. In addition, artificial antisense RNAs can effectively regulate the expression of related genes in host cells. With the development of antisense RNA, investigating the functions of antisense RNAs has emerged as a hot research field. This review summarizes our current understanding of antisense RNAs, particularly of the formation of antisense RNAs and their mechanism of regulating the expression of their target genes. In addition, we detail the effects and applications of antisense RNAs in antivirus and anticancer treatments and in regulating the expression of related genes in plants and microorganisms. This review is intended to highlight the key role of antisense RNA in genetic research and guide new investigators to the study of antisense RNAs.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antiviral Agents; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Research; Humans; MicroRNAs; RNA, Antisense; RNA, Long Noncoding; RNA, Small Interfering
PubMed: 30269442
DOI: 10.1631/jzus.B1700594 -
Annual Review of Biochemistry 1991
Review
Topics: Base Sequence; DNA Replication; Molecular Sequence Data; Nucleic Acid Conformation; RNA; RNA, Antisense
PubMed: 1715680
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bi.60.070191.003215 -
Molecular Biology Reports Nov 2023Antisense RNA (asRNA) technology is a method used to silence genes and inhibit their expression. Gene function relies on expression, which follows the central dogma of... (Review)
Review
Antisense RNA (asRNA) technology is a method used to silence genes and inhibit their expression. Gene function relies on expression, which follows the central dogma of molecular biology. The use of asRNA can regulate gene expression by targeting specific mRNAs, which can result in changes in phenotype, disease resistance, and other traits associated with protein expression profiles. This technology uses short, single-stranded oligonucleotide strands that are complementary to the targeted mRNA. Manipulating and regulating protein expression during its translation can either knock out or knock down the expression of a gene of interest. Therefore, functional genomics can benefit from this technology since it allows for the regulation of protein expression. In this review, we discuss the concept, and applications of asRNA technology which include delaying ripening, prolonging shelf life, biofortification, and increasing biotic and abiotic resistance among others in crop improvement and sustainable agriculture.
Topics: RNA, Antisense; Oligonucleotides; Agriculture
PubMed: 37755651
DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08814-6 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta May 2002For a long time, RNA has been merely regarded as a molecule that can either function as a messenger (mRNA) or as part of the translational machinery (tRNA, rRNA).... (Review)
Review
For a long time, RNA has been merely regarded as a molecule that can either function as a messenger (mRNA) or as part of the translational machinery (tRNA, rRNA). Meanwhile, it became clear that RNAs are versatile molecules that do not only play key roles in many important biological processes like splicing, editing, protein export and others, but can also--like enzymes--act catalytically. Two important aspects of RNA function--antisense-RNA control and RNA interference (RNAi)--are emphasized in this review. Antisense-RNA control functions in all three kingdoms of life--although the majority of examples are known from bacteria. In contrast, RNAi, gene silencing triggered by double-stranded RNA, the oldest and most ubiquitous antiviral system, is exclusively found in eukaryotes. Our current knowledge about occurrence, biological roles and mechanisms of action of antisense RNAs as well as the recent findings about involved genes/enzymes and the putative mechanism of RNAi are summarized. An interesting intersection between both regulatory mechanisms is briefly discussed.
Topics: Animals; DNA Transposable Elements; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Silencing; Plasmids; RNA, Antisense; RNA, Double-Stranded
PubMed: 12020814
DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(02)00280-4 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2019Antisense RNA (asRNA) technology is an important tool for downregulating gene expression. When applying this strategy, the asRNA interference efficiency is determined by...
Antisense RNA (asRNA) technology is an important tool for downregulating gene expression. When applying this strategy, the asRNA interference efficiency is determined by several elements including scaffold design, loop size, and relative abundance. Here, we take the Escherichia coli gene fabD encoding malonyl-CoA-[acyl-carrier-protein] transacylase as an example to describe the asRNA design with reliable and controllable interference efficiency. Real-time PCR and fluorescence assay methods are introduced to detect the interference efficiency at RNA level and protein level, respectively.
Topics: Acyl-Carrier Protein S-Malonyltransferase; Down-Regulation; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Fatty Acid Synthase, Type II; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Plasmids; RNA Interference; RNA, Antisense; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 30788783
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9142-6_3 -
Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and... May 2008Anti-picornaviral antisense agents are part of a broader group of nucleic acid-based molecules developed for sequence-specific inhibition of translation and/or... (Review)
Review
Anti-picornaviral antisense agents are part of a broader group of nucleic acid-based molecules developed for sequence-specific inhibition of translation and/or transcription of the target sequence through induced nuclease activity or physical hindrance. Three types of nucleic acid-based gene silencing molecules can be distinguished, including DNA-base antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), nucleic acid enzymes (ribozyme and DNAzyme) and double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA or microRNA). These antisense DNA and RNA molecules have been widely studied for gene functional studies and therapeutic purposes. In this review, we focus on drug development using ASO and siRNA strategies to inhibit picornavirus infections. The picornavirus genome organization and life cycle is described, followed by discussion of design considerations, chemical modifications and drug delivery approaches. Recent studies using antisense against picornavirus are reviewed. Finally, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of the antisense agents with those of other therapeutics, taking into consideration their limitations which need to be overcome to achieve the final goal of clinical application.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; DNA, Antisense; Genome, Viral; Humans; Liposomes; Oligonucleotides, Antisense; Picornaviridae; Picornaviridae Infections; Proteome; RNA, Antisense; RNA, Small Interfering
PubMed: 18508540
DOI: 10.2741/3034 -
Annual Review of Microbiology 1994Antisense RNA control is now recognized as an efficient and specific means of regulating gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Almost all naturally occurring... (Review)
Review
Antisense RNA control is now recognized as an efficient and specific means of regulating gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Almost all naturally occurring cases have been found in prokaryotes, often in their accessory genetic elements. Several antisense RNA systems are now well-understood, and these display a spectrum of mechanisms of action, binding pathways, and kinetics. This review summarizes antisense RNA control in prokaryotes, emphasizing the biology of the systems involved.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Bacteriophages; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Models, Genetic; Plasmids; RNA, Antisense
PubMed: 7826024
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.mi.48.100194.003433 -
Biochimie Nov 2011Although control of cellular function has classically been considered the responsibility of proteins, research over the last decade has elucidated many roles for RNA in... (Review)
Review
Although control of cellular function has classically been considered the responsibility of proteins, research over the last decade has elucidated many roles for RNA in regulation of not only the proteins that control cellular functions but also for the cellular functions themselves. In parallel to this advancement in knowledge about the regulatory roles of RNA there has been an explosion of knowledge about the role that epigenetics plays in controlling not only long-term cellular fate but also the short-term regulatory control of genes. Of particular interest is the crossover between these two worlds, a world where RNA can act out its part and subsequently elicit chromatin modifications that alter cellular function. Two main categories of RNA are examined here, non-coding RNA and antisense RNA both of which perform vital functions in controlling numerous genes, proteins and RNA itself. As the activities of non-coding and antisense RNA in both normal and aberrant cellular function are elucidated, so does the number of possible targets for pharmacopeic intervention.
Topics: Animals; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation; Genomic Imprinting; Humans; Pluripotent Stem Cells; RNA, Antisense; RNA, Untranslated; Transcription, Genetic; X Chromosome Inactivation
PubMed: 21843589
DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.07.031 -
Microbiology and Molecular Biology... Jun 2011A substantial amount of antisense transcription is a hallmark of gene expression in eukaryotes. However, antisense transcription was first demonstrated in bacteria... (Review)
Review
A substantial amount of antisense transcription is a hallmark of gene expression in eukaryotes. However, antisense transcription was first demonstrated in bacteria almost 50 years ago. The transcriptomes of bacteria as different as Helicobacter pylori, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Geobacter sulfurreducens, Vibrio cholerae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Pseudomonas syringae, and Staphylococcus aureus have now been reported to contain antisense RNA (asRNA) transcripts for a high percentage of genes. Bacterial asRNAs share functional similarities with trans-acting regulatory RNAs, but in addition, they use their own distinct mechanisms. Among their confirmed functional roles are transcription termination, codegradation, control of translation, transcriptional interference, and enhanced stability of their respective target transcripts. Here, we review recent publications indicating that asRNAs occur as frequently in simple unicellular bacteria as they do in higher organisms, and we provide a comprehensive overview of the experimentally confirmed characteristics of asRNA actions and intimately linked quantitative aspects. Emerging functional data suggest that asRNAs in bacteria mediate a plethora of effects and are involved in far more processes than were previously anticipated. Thus, the functional impact of asRNAs should be considered when developing new strategies against pathogenic bacteria and when optimizing bacterial strains for biotechnology.
Topics: Bacteria; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; RNA, Antisense
PubMed: 21646430
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00032-10 -
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Feb 2008The complex life cycles of many protozoan parasites require the ability to respond to environmental and developmental cues through regulated gene expression.... (Review)
Review
The complex life cycles of many protozoan parasites require the ability to respond to environmental and developmental cues through regulated gene expression. Traditionally, parasitologists have investigated these mechanisms by identifying and characterizing proteins that are necessary for the regulated expression of the genetic material. Although often successful, it is clear that protein-mediated gene regulation is only part of a complex story in which RNA itself is endowed with regulatory functions. Herein, we review both the known and potential regulatory roles of two types of RNA pathways within protozoan parasites: the RNA interference pathway and natural antisense transcripts. A better understanding of the native role of these pathways will not only enhance our understanding of the biology of these organisms but also aid in the development of more robust tools for reverse genetic analysis in this post-genomic era.
Topics: Animals; Eukaryota; Gene Expression Regulation; Parasites; RNA Interference; RNA, Antisense
PubMed: 18053590
DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.10.004