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Bailliere's Clinical Obstetrics and... Mar 1989The role of the lymphadenectomy in ovarian carcinoma is widely discussed. The natural history of disease, its tendency to spread to peritoneal cavity and the lack of any... (Review)
Review
The role of the lymphadenectomy in ovarian carcinoma is widely discussed. The natural history of disease, its tendency to spread to peritoneal cavity and the lack of any reported series of careful node dissections undertaken during surgical exploration has made it difficult to establish the real significance of nodal metastatization and the optimal therapeutic approach for patients with positive nodes. At the Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, 341 patients with ovarian carcinoma have been subjected to lymph node dissection. In 253 cases in which lymphadenectomy has been carried out during first surgery, the lymphonodal diffusion has been evaluated by stage, grading and histology. The incidence of lymphonodal metastases increased with the diffusion of the primitive tumour and this is particularly evident for the serous adenocarcinoma. From our data (as shown in our series of 173 cases Stage III with peritoneal and retroperitoneal diffusion) the lymphonodal involvement has to be considered as a negative prognostic factor, influencing survival in a statistically significant way. In the 88 patients subjected to radical lymphadenectomy during second-look surgery, after chemotherapy, a smaller percentage of positive nodes was observed as compared to untreated cases but, on the other hand, we documented a portion of positive nodes not sterilized by sistemic therapy. All this data confirm the necessity to perform radical lymphadenectomy not only as a staging procedure (because of low sensitivity of lymphangiography) but also as a therapeutic one for some patients.
Topics: Carcinoma; Female; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Lymphography; Neoplasm Staging; Ovarian Neoplasms; Para-Aortic Bodies; Pelvic Neoplasms; Prognosis
PubMed: 2661087
DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3552(89)80048-3 -
The Journal of Physiology May 2012Mammalian aortic bodies (ABs) are putative peripheral arterial chemoreceptors whose function remains controversial, partly because information on their cellular... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Mammalian aortic bodies (ABs) are putative peripheral arterial chemoreceptors whose function remains controversial, partly because information on their cellular physiology is lacking. In this study, we used ratiometric Ca2+ imaging to investigate for the first time chemosensitivity in short-term cultures of dissociated cells of juvenile rat ABs, located near the junction of the left vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves. Among the surviving cell population were glomus or type I cell clusters, endogenous local neurons and glia-like cells. A variety of chemostimuli, including hypoxia, isohydric or acidic hypercapnia, and isocapnic acidosis, caused a rise in intracellular [Ca2+] in AB type I cells. The [Ca2+]i responses were indistinguishable from those in carotid body (CB) type I cells grown in parallel cultures from the same animals, and responses to acidic hypercapnia were prevented by the non-specific voltage-gated Ca2+ channel antagonist, 2mM Ni2+. Furthermore, we identified a subpopulation (∼40%) of glia-like cells in AB cultures that resembled CB type II cells based on their approximately equal sensitivity to ATP and UTP, consistent with the expression of purinergic P2Y2 receptors. Finally, we showed that some local neurons, known to be uniquely associated with these AB paraganglia in situ, generated robust [Ca2+]i responses to these chemostimuli. Thus, these AB type I cells and associated putative type II cells resemble those from the well-studied CB. Unlike the CB, however, they also associate with a special group of endogenous neurons which we propose may subserve a sensory function in local cardiovascular reflexes.
Topics: Acidosis; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Aortic Bodies; Calcium; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Signaling; Carotid Body; Cell Hypoxia; Cells, Cultured; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypercapnia; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Oxygen; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2; Sensory Receptor Cells; Time Factors; Uridine Triphosphate
PubMed: 22431340
DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.229468 -
Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology Jul 2007There has been a reduction in the distribution of peripheral respiratory O(2) chemoreceptors from multiple, dispersed sites in fish and amphibia to a single dominant... (Review)
Review
There has been a reduction in the distribution of peripheral respiratory O(2) chemoreceptors from multiple, dispersed sites in fish and amphibia to a single dominant receptor site in birds and mammals. In the process, the cells in the fish gill associated with O(2) chemosensing (5-HT containing neuroepithelial cells often found in association with ACh/catecholamine (CA) containing cells) are replaced by the glomus cells of the mammalian carotid body (which contain multiple putative neurotransmitter substances, including 5-HT, CA and ACh, all within the same cells), although this difference may be more superficial than first appears. While still highly speculative, these trends would appear to be correlated with the transition from aquatic respiration and bimodal breathing, and from animals with intra-cardiac shunts (two situations where the ability to sense O(2) at multiple sites would be an advantage), to strictly air breathing in animals with no intra-cardiac shunts. It is also tempting to speculate that while the basic O(2)-sensing mechanism is the same for all receptor cells, the receptor groups in fish have evolved in such a way to make the responses of some more sensitive to changes in O(2) delivery than others. The net result is that those receptors associated with the first gill arch of fish (the third branchial arch) become the carotid body in higher vertebrates associated with the regulation of ventilation and ensuring oxygen supply to the gas exchange surface. Those receptors associated with the second gill arch (fourth branchial arch) become the aortic bodies capable of sensing changes in oxygen content of the blood and primarily involved in regulating oxygen transport capacity through erythropoiesis and changes in blood volume.
Topics: Animals; Arteries; Carotid Body; Chemoreceptor Cells; Humans; Hypoxia; Phylogeny
PubMed: 17353155
DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2007.02.007 -
Physiological Reviews Apr 1983
Review
Topics: Animals; Aortic Bodies; Apnea; Carotid Body; Cats; Cattle; Chemoreceptor Cells; Delivery, Obstetric; Diaphragm; Dogs; Endorphins; Fetal Monitoring; Fetus; Gestational Age; Growth; Haplorhini; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature; Lung; Rabbits; Respiration; Sheep; Sleep, REM; Thorax
PubMed: 6403953
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.1983.63.2.437 -
The Journal of Comparative Neurology Apr 2011Aortic bodies (ABs) are putative peripheral arterial chemoreceptors, distributed near the aortic arch. Though presumed to be analogous to the well-studied carotid bodies...
Aortic bodies (ABs) are putative peripheral arterial chemoreceptors, distributed near the aortic arch. Though presumed to be analogous to the well-studied carotid bodies (CBs), their anatomical organization, innervation, and function are poorly understood. By using multilabel confocal immunofluorescence, we investigated the cellular organization, innervation, and neurochemistry of ABs in whole mounts of juvenile rat vagus and recurrent laryngeal (V-RL) nerves and in dissociated cell culture. Clusters of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) glomus cells were routinely identified within these nerves. Unlike the CB, many neuronal cell bodies and processes, identified by peripherin (PR) and neurofilament/growth-associated protein (NF70/GAP-43) immunoreactivity, were closely associated with AB glomus clusters, especially near the V-RL bifurcation. Some neuronal cell bodies were immunopositive for P2X2 and P2X3 purinoceptor subunits, which were also found in nerve terminals surrounding glomus cells. Immunoreactivity against the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) was detected in local neurons, glomus cells, and apposed nerve terminals. Few neurons were immunopositive for TH or neuronal nitric oxide synthase. A similar pattern of purinoceptor immunoreactivity was observed in tissue sections of adult rat V-RL nerves, except that glomus cells were weakly P2X3-IR. Dissociated monolayer cultures of juvenile rat V-RL nerves yielded TH-IR glomus clusters in intimate association with PR- or NF70/GAP-43-IR neurons and their processes, and glial fibrillary acidic protein-IR type II (sustentacular) cells. Cocultures survived for several days, wherein neurons expressed voltage-activated ionic currents and generated action potentials. Thus, this coculture model is attractive for investigating the role of glomus cells and local neurons in AB function.
Topics: Animals; Aortic Bodies; Biomarkers; Cells, Cultured; Chemoreceptor Cells; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Laryngeal Nerves; Microscopy, Confocal; Neurons; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Purinergic P2X2; Receptors, Purinergic P2X3; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; Vagus Nerve; Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins
PubMed: 21280041
DOI: 10.1002/cne.22553 -
The Anatomical Record Jul 1982The purpose of this study was to determine if enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was present in the glomus cells of the carotid and aortic body peripheral arterial...
The purpose of this study was to determine if enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was present in the glomus cells of the carotid and aortic body peripheral arterial chemoreceptors. Cat carotid and aortic bodies were reacted with antisera to met- and leu-enkephalin using the indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method of Sternberger (1979). Both the carotid and aortic bodies demonstrated clusters of immunoreactive cells for both met- and leu-enkephalin. Additionally, met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was observed in many of the dense-core vesicles of the glomus cells of the carotid body. The glomus cells of these chemoreceptors are known to contain catecholamines which may modulate chemoreceptor activity. The presence of opioid peptide-like substances co-existing with the glomus cell catecholamines, perhaps in the same vesicles, may have important implications for a trophic influence of these peptides on glomus cell chemoreceptor modulation.
Topics: Animals; Aortic Bodies; Carotid Body; Cats; Chemoreceptor Cells; Enkephalin, Leucine; Enkephalin, Methionine; Female; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Receptors, Opioid
PubMed: 6291431
DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092030310 -
Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology... Jul 2013A small cardiac tumor was detected in the posterior wall of the left atrium of a 110-week-old female Wistar Hannover rat (Slc: Wistar Hannover/Rcc) during a...
A small cardiac tumor was detected in the posterior wall of the left atrium of a 110-week-old female Wistar Hannover rat (Slc: Wistar Hannover/Rcc) during a carcinogenicity historical control study. Tumor was consisted of 2 different cells. Most of the tumor cells were polygonal to oval in shape and had slightly basophilic and granular cytoplasm. These cells were arranged in distinctive cell nests, called 'Zellballen', and were separated by reticulin fibers. The nuclei were round to slightly oval. A few mitotic figures were found. Cytoplasmic granules of tumor cells were negative for Fontana-Masson and Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the chief cells in the tumor were positive for the neuroendocrine markers synaptophysin and chromogranin A but were negative for S-100 protein, vimentin, cytokeratin, α-smooth muscle actin, and calcitonin. In contrast, the surrounding sustentacular cells, other type of tumor cells, were positive for only S-100 protein. The immunohistochemical properties of the tumor cells were quite similar to those of the aortic body. The tumor cells had infiltrated the myocardium of the left atrium and were also noted within vessels. Based on these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a paraganglioma originating from the aortic body.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Biomarkers, Tumor; Chromogranin A; Cytoplasmic Granules; Female; Heart Atria; Heart Neoplasms; Immunohistochemistry; Paraganglioma; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synaptophysin
PubMed: 22884259
DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.07.002 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2015As a counterpoint to the volumes of beautiful work exploring how the carotid bodies (CBs) sense and transduce stimuli into neural traffic, this study explored one...
As a counterpoint to the volumes of beautiful work exploring how the carotid bodies (CBs) sense and transduce stimuli into neural traffic, this study explored one organismal reflex response to such stimulation. We challenged the anesthetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated cat with two forms of acute hypoxemia: 10 % O(2)/balance N(2) (hypoxic hypoxia [HH] and carbon monoxide hypoxia [COH]). HH stimulates both CBs and aortic bodies (ABs), whereas COH stimulates only the ABs. Our design was to stimulate both with HH (HHint), then to stimulate only the ABs with COH (COHint); then, after aortic depressor nerve transaction, only the CBs with HH (HHabr), and finally neither with COH (COHabr). We recorded whole animal responses from Group 1 cats (e.g., cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure/and vascular resistance) before and after sectioning the aortic depressor nerves. From Group 2 cats (intact) and Group 3 cats (aortic body resected) we recorded the vascular resistance in several organs (e.g., brain, heart, spleen, stomach, pancreas, adrenal glands, eyes). The HHint challenge was the most effective at keeping perfusion pressures adequate to maintain homeostasis in the face of a systemic wide hypoxemia with locally mediated vasodilation. The spleen and pancreas, however, showed a vasoconstrictive response. The adrenals and eyes showed a CB-mediated vasodilation. The ABs appeared to have a significant impact on the pulmonary vasculature as well as the stomach. Chemoreceptors via the sympathetic nervous system play the major role in this organism's response to hypoxemia.
Topics: Animals; Cardiac Output; Carotid Body; Cats; Hypoxia; Regional Blood Flow; Vascular Resistance
PubMed: 26303472
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18440-1_12 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... May 1997A malignant aortic body tumor was observed in a 5-year-old female Holstein cow. The neoplastic mass, of 22 x 17 x 15 cm in size, was located at the base of the left...
A malignant aortic body tumor was observed in a 5-year-old female Holstein cow. The neoplastic mass, of 22 x 17 x 15 cm in size, was located at the base of the left atrium, having irregular lobular structures. The tumor cells had slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm, and a round or oval nucleus. Metastasis was only present in the premediastinal lymph node. The tumor cells exhibited intense immunoreactivity for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and synaptophysin, and were moderately positive for chromogranin A. Electronmicroscopy revealed membrane-limited granules in the cytoplasm. The cultured cells were spindle in shape, and having projectional cytoplasm. They were intensely positive for NSE, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and neurofilament (200 kD). Consequently, this case was diagnosed as a malignant aortic body tumor from the neuroecrodermal origin.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Heart Neoplasms; Immunohistochemistry; Neurofilament Proteins; Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal; Tumor Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 9192360
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.383 -
Cancer Jul 1950
Topics: Aortic Bodies; Carotid Body; Chromaffin System; Ganglion Cysts; Humans; Neoplasms; Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 15427070
DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(1950)3:4<667::aid-cncr2820030412>3.0.co;2-i