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Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine Mar 2019Mosquitoes are haematophagous vectors for hundreds of pathogenic viruses that are aetiological agents of human diseases. In nature, mosquito-borne viruses maintain a... (Review)
Review
Mosquitoes are haematophagous vectors for hundreds of pathogenic viruses that are aetiological agents of human diseases. In nature, mosquito-borne viruses maintain a lifecycle between mosquitoes and vertebrate animals. Viruses are acquired by a naive mosquito from an infected host by blood meals and then propagate extensively in the mosquito's tissues. This mosquito then becomes a virus reservoir and is competent to transmit the viruses to a naive vertebrate host through the next blood meal. To survive in and efficiently cycle between two distinct host environments, mosquito-borne viruses have evolved delicate and smart strategies to comprehensively exploit host and vector factors. Here, we provide an update on recent studies of the mechanisms of virus survival in, acquisition and transmission by mosquitoes.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Culicidae; Humans; Life Cycle Stages; Mosquito Vectors
PubMed: 30862324
DOI: 10.1017/erm.2018.6 -
Viruses May 2019In recent years, it has become evident that a generational gap has developed in the community of arbovirus research. This apparent gap is due to the dis-investment of... (Review)
Review
In recent years, it has become evident that a generational gap has developed in the community of arbovirus research. This apparent gap is due to the dis-investment of training for the next generation of arbovirologists, which threatens to derail the rich history of virus discovery, field epidemiology, and understanding of the richness of diversity that surrounds us. On the other hand, new technologies have resulted in an explosion of virus discovery that is constantly redefining the virosphere and the evolutionary relationships between viruses. This paradox presents new challenges that may have immediate and disastrous consequences for public health when yet to be discovered arboviruses emerge. In this review we endeavor to bridge this gap by providing a historical context for the work being conducted today and provide continuity between the generations. To this end, we will provide a narrative of the thrill of scientific discovery and excitement and the challenges lying ahead.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Global Health; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Research
PubMed: 31126128
DOI: 10.3390/v11050471 -
Viruses Nov 2021The aim of this review is to follow the history of studies on endemiv arboviruses and the diseases they cause which were detected in the Czech lands (Bohemia, Moravia... (Review)
Review
The aim of this review is to follow the history of studies on endemiv arboviruses and the diseases they cause which were detected in the Czech lands (Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia (i.e., the Czech Republic)). The viruses involve tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile and Usutu flaviviruses; the Sindbis alphavirus; Ťahyňa, Batai, Lednice and Sedlec bunyaviruses; the Uukuniemi phlebovirus; and the Tribeč orbivirus. Arboviruses temporarily imported from abroad to the Czech Republic have been omitted. This brief historical review includes a bibliography of all relevant papers.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Czech Republic; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans
PubMed: 34835140
DOI: 10.3390/v13112334 -
Viruses Jul 2019Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of vertebrates including dengue, zika, chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, and blue tongue viruses cause extensive morbidity and... (Review)
Review
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of vertebrates including dengue, zika, chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, and blue tongue viruses cause extensive morbidity and mortality in humans, agricultural animals, and wildlife across the globe. As obligate intercellular pathogens, arboviruses must be well adapted to the cellular and molecular environment of both their arthropod (invertebrate) and vertebrate hosts, which are vastly different due to hundreds of millions of years of separate evolution. Here we discuss the comparative pressures on arbovirus RNA genomes as a result of a dual host life cycle, focusing on pressures that do not alter amino acids. We summarize what is currently known about arboviral genetic composition, such as dinucleotide and codon usage, and how cyclical infection of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts results in different genetic profiles compared with single-host viruses. To serve as a comparison, we compile what is known about arthropod tRNA, dinucleotide, and codon usages and compare this with vertebrates. Additionally, we discuss the potential roles of genetic robustness in arboviral evolution and how it may vary from other viruses. Overall, both arthropod and vertebrate hosts influence the resulting genetic composition of arboviruses, but a great deal remains to be investigated.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Arthropods; Codon Usage; Evolution, Molecular; Genome, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Life Cycle Stages; Nucleotides; RNA, Viral; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31336898
DOI: 10.3390/v11070643 -
The Lancet. Global Health Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Arboviruses; Disease Outbreaks; Genomics
PubMed: 37541265
DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00325-X -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2018Arboviruses are a diverse group of vector-borne viruses, many of whose members are the cause of significant human morbidity and mortality. Over the last 30 years, the... (Review)
Review
Arboviruses are a diverse group of vector-borne viruses, many of whose members are the cause of significant human morbidity and mortality. Over the last 30 years, the emergence and/or resurgence of arboviruses have posed a considerable global health threat. The ongoing geographical expansion of the dengue viruses (DENV), along with the explosive outbreaks of West Nile virus (WNV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and more recently, Zika virus (ZIKV) have all served as reminders that new epidemics may emerge at any time from this diversity. A clearer understanding of what mechanisms drive these dramatic changes in vector-host transmission cycles that result in the human population becoming significantly more exposed, will help to prepare us for the next emerging epidemic/pandemic. This Chapter seeks to provide a brief overview of the arboviruses, their mode of transmission and some of the known factors that drive their expansion.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Global Health; Humans
PubMed: 29845521
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8727-1_1 -
Current Opinion in Virology Feb 2019Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are ecologically distinct from many other pathogens because of the involvement of arthropod vectors and animal reservoirs. Several... (Review)
Review
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are ecologically distinct from many other pathogens because of the involvement of arthropod vectors and animal reservoirs. Several mosquito-borne arboviruses have emerged in various geographic regions during the past few decades. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the emergence of two mosquito-borne arboviruses, chikungunya and Zika, has taken place globally. Millions of infections have not only changed the epidemiology of previously obscure viruses, but also put the world's public health capability to the test. Newly recognized pathogenic mechanisms and modes of transmission demand the development of new strategies for disease control and treatment. The advancement of vaccine candidates in various phases of clinical trials and the evaluation of vector control strategies in the field provide the promise of new solutions for endemic or emerging diseases. In this review, the emergence of six medically important mosquito-borne arboviruses and new tools for disease control will be discussed.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Clinical Trials as Topic; Culicidae; Humans; Mosquito Vectors; Public Health
PubMed: 30743191
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.01.001 -
Virus Research May 2019Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted by hematophagous insects, primarily mosquitoes. The geographic range and prevalence of mosquito-borne viruses and... (Review)
Review
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted by hematophagous insects, primarily mosquitoes. The geographic range and prevalence of mosquito-borne viruses and their vectors has dramatically increased over the last 50 years. As a result, the most medically important arboviurses now co-exist in many regions, resulting in an increased frequency of co-infections in hosts and vectors. In addition to concurrent infections with human pathogens, mosquito-only viruses and/or enzootic viruses not associated with human disease are ubiquitous in mosquito populations. Moreover, mosquito-borne viruses are largely RNA viruses that exist within individual hosts as a diverse and dynamic swarm of closely related genotypes. Interactions among co-infecting viruses and genotypes can have profound effects on virulence, fitness and evolution. Here, we review our understanding of how these complex interactions influence transmission of mosquito-borne viruses, focusing on the often-neglected virus interactions in the mosquito vector, and identify gaps in our knowledge that should guide future studies.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Coinfection; Culicidae; Genetic Fitness; Genotype; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Insect Vectors; Virulence
PubMed: 30879977
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.010 -
Unexpected outbreaks of arbovirus infections: lessons learned from the Pacific and tropical America.The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Nov 2018Pandemic arboviruses have emerged as a major global health problem in the past four decades. Predicting where and when the next arbovirus epidemic will occur is a... (Review)
Review
Pandemic arboviruses have emerged as a major global health problem in the past four decades. Predicting where and when the next arbovirus epidemic will occur is a challenge, but history suggests that arboviral black swan events (epidemics that are difficult to predict and that have an extreme effect) will continue to occur as urban growth and globalisation expand. We briefly review unexpected arbovirus epidemics that have occurred in the past 50 years, with emphasis on the American and Pacific regions, to illustrate their unpredictability, and to highlight the need for improved global preparedness, including laboratory-based surveillance, prevention, and control programmes.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Birds; Disease Outbreaks; Global Health; Humans; Tropical Climate
PubMed: 29934112
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30269-X -
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology Jul 2011The baculovirus-insect cell expression system is a well-established technology for the production of heterologous viral (glyco)proteins in cultured cells, applicable for... (Review)
Review
The baculovirus-insect cell expression system is a well-established technology for the production of heterologous viral (glyco)proteins in cultured cells, applicable for basic scientific research as well as for the development and production of vaccines and diagnostics. Arboviruses form an emerging group of medically important viral pathogens that are transmitted to humans and animals via arthropod vectors, mostly mosquitoes, ticks or midges. Few arboviral vaccines are currently available, but there is a growing need for safe and effective vaccines against some highly pathogenic arboviruses such as Chikungunya, dengue, West Nile, Rift Valley fever and Bluetongue viruses. This comprehensive review discusses the biology and current state of the art in vaccine development for arboviruses belonging to the families Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae and Reoviridae and the potential of the baculovirus-insect cell expression system for vaccine antigen production The members of three of these four arbovirus families have enveloped virions and display immunodominant glycoproteins with a complex structure at their surface. Baculovirus expression of viral antigens often leads to correctly folded and processed (glyco)proteins able to induce protective immunity in animal models and humans. As arboviruses occupy a unique position in the virosphere in that they also actively replicate in arthropod cells, the baculovirus-insect cell expression system is well suited to produce arboviral proteins with correct folding and post-translational processing. The opportunities for recombinant baculoviruses to aid in the development of safe and effective subunit and virus-like particle vaccines against arboviral diseases are discussed.
Topics: Alphavirus Infections; Animals; Arboviruses; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Genetic Vectors; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Insecta; RNA Viruses; Vaccines, Synthetic; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 21784227
DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.05.002