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Food Science & Nutrition May 2024In this study, to investigate spp. contamination post-scalding and de-feathering, post-evisceration, post-chilling, and packaged products, which are the most essential...
In this study, to investigate spp. contamination post-scalding and de-feathering, post-evisceration, post-chilling, and packaged products, which are the most essential contamination stages of broiler slaughter, a total of 108 samples were taken from three different broiler slaughterhouses at different times. Isolates obtained by cultural methods in 104 of 108 samples were analyzed by mPCR method to identify pathogen spp. , , and mixed contamination of both species were detected in 51 samples. Of the 51 isolates, 27 (52.9%) were , 16 (31.4%) were , and 8 (15.7%) were mixed contamination of and , while was not detected. and contamination was 59.2% post-scalding and de-feathering, 43.4% post-evisceration, 44.4% and 48.1% post-chilling and in packaged products, respectively. All strains were found to be 100% resistant to cefoperazone and penicillin and sensitive to tetracycline. strains were 100% resistant to cefoperazone, penicillin, and cloxacillin and susceptible to tetracycline and erythromycin. In the study, it was determined that spp. caused a very intense contamination (85.18%-100%) and also contamination rates of identified pathogen strains ( and ) were very high (59.2% and 43.4%) in broiler slaughtering stages. Considering that each step in broiler slaughter could contaminate the next stage, developing a safe slaughter and minimizing the risk toward the final product, it was concluded that critical control points could not be well managed in broiler slaughterhouses, and broiler meat may pose a significant risk to public health.
PubMed: 38726459
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4013 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Aug 2007To investigate the occurrence and levels of Arcobacter spp. in pig effluent ponds and effluent-treated soil.
AIMS
To investigate the occurrence and levels of Arcobacter spp. in pig effluent ponds and effluent-treated soil.
METHODS AND RESULTS
A Most Probable Number (MPN) method was developed to assess the levels of Arcobacter spp. in seven pig effluent ponds and six effluent-treated soils, immediately after effluent irrigation. Arcobacter spp. levels in the effluent ponds varied from 6.5 x 10(5) to 1.1 x 10(8) MPN 100 ml(-1) and in freshly irrigated soils from 9.5 x 10(2) to 2.8 x 10(4) MPN g(-1) in all piggery environments tested. Eighty-three Arcobacter isolates were subjected to an abbreviated phenotypic test scheme and examined using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR identified 35% of these isolates as Arcobacter butzleri, 49% as Arcobacter cryaerophilus while 16% gave no band. All 13 nonreactive isolates were subjected to partial 16S rDNA sequencing and showed a high similarity (>99%) to Arcobacter cibarius.
CONCLUSIONS
A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. cibarius were isolated from both piggery effluent and effluent-irrigated soil, at levels suggestive of good survival in the effluent pond.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
This is the first study to provide quantitative information on Arcobacter spp. levels in piggery effluent and to associate A. cibarius with pigs and piggery effluent environments.
Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Arcobacter; Feces; Genetic Variation; Phenotype; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Pseudomonas; Queensland; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sewage; Soil Microbiology; Swine
PubMed: 17650202
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03275.x -
Journal of Food Protection Feb 2007Twenty-two chicken livers, 10 chicken carcasses, and 15 wastewater samples were processed and analyzed for Arcobacter by PCR and traditional culture methods. Samples...
Twenty-two chicken livers, 10 chicken carcasses, and 15 wastewater samples were processed and analyzed for Arcobacter by PCR and traditional culture methods. Samples were enriched for 24 and 48 h, incubated at 30 degrees C under aerobic conditions, and streaked on blood selective media. To determine the best isolation conditions, 20 samples also were processed under microaerophilic conditions at 37 degrees C. Simple and multiplex PCR assays were used directly with enrichment broths and isolated strains. Seventeen Arcobacter strains were isolated from chicken samples, and A. butzleri was the only Arcobacter species identified. The direct PCR assay revealed that 29 of the 32 chicken samples were contaminated with Arcobacter. A. butzleri was the most frequently detected species, although Arcobacter cryaerophilus also was present in some of the samples and Arcobacter skirrowii occasionally was detected. All the wastewater samples were positive by PCR assay for Arcobacter after 24 h of enrichment. A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus were detected with the multiplex PCR assay. Fourteen Arcobacter strains were isolated from 10 of the 15 water samples analyzed; 7 were identified as A. butzleri and the remaining 7 were A. cryaerophilus. Both for chicken and water samples, Arcobacter detection rate for PCR amplification was higher than for culture isolation. These results indicate the high prevalence of Arcobacter in chicken and wastewater and the inadequacy of available cultural methods for its detection. The species-specific multiplex PCR assay is a rapid method for assessing Arcobacter contamination in chicken and wastewater samples and is a viable alternative to biochemical identification of isolated strains.
Topics: Animals; Arcobacter; Chickens; Colony Count, Microbial; Consumer Product Safety; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Humans; Meat; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spain; Time Factors; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 17340867
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.2.341 -
Journal of Food Protection Aug 2013The bacterial contamination of food products can cause serious public health problems. Interest in Arcobacter contamination has increased due to the relationship between...
The bacterial contamination of food products can cause serious public health problems. Interest in Arcobacter contamination has increased due to the relationship between these bacteria and human enteritis. We studied the prevalence and genetic diversity of Arcobacter species at the retail level in the province of Alava in Basque Country, Spain. The results showed a high genetic diversity and indicated the regular presence of the main Arcobacter spp. associated with human enteric illness in food products. Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii were detected with an overall prevalence close to 40% and were isolated from 15 (42.8%) fresh cow's milk samples, 12 (73.3%) shellfish samples, 11 (55%) chicken samples, 2 (10%) pork samples, and 1 (5%) beef sample. The results indicate the need to investigate the impact of Arcobacter spp. on public health.
Topics: Animals; Arcobacter; Campylobacter; Consumer Product Safety; Female; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Genetic Variation; Humans; Meat; Milk; Prevalence; Shellfish; Spain
PubMed: 23905804
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-014 -
Veterinary World Jun 2017This study aimed to detect putative virulence genes in species of animal and human origin.
AIM
This study aimed to detect putative virulence genes in species of animal and human origin.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 41 isolates (16 , 13 , and 12 ) isolated from diverse sources such as fecal swabs of livestock (21), raw foods of animal origin (13), and human stool samples (7) were subjected to a set of six uniplex polymerase chain reaction assays targeting putative virulence genes (, , , , , and ).
RESULTS
All the six virulence genes were detected among all the 16 isolates. Among the 13 isolates, , , , and genes were detected in 61.5, 84.6, 76.9, 76.9, 61.5, and 61.5% of isolates, respectively. Among the 12 isolates, , , , and genes were detected in 50.0, 91.6, 83.3, 66.6, 50, and 50% of isolates, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Putative virulence genes were detected in majority of the isolates examined. The results signify the potential of species as an emerging foodborne pathogen.
PubMed: 28717327
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.716-720 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Mar 2021Arcobacter spp colonize in human and animals intestine and cause food-associated infections. Hence, characterization of their virulence potential and health impacts is...
Arcobacter spp colonize in human and animals intestine and cause food-associated infections. Hence, characterization of their virulence potential and health impacts is required. Our subject was isolation and characterization of Arcobacter spp, from meat marketplaces. A total of 1297 fresh raw cattle meat samples were purchased randomly from various marketplaces in Baghdad, Iraq. One-hundred and twenty isolates were identified, including Arcobacter butzleri (A. butzleri n = 100) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (A. cryaerophilus n = 20). Susceptibility to antimicrobials was examined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Molecular investigation of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors was also conducted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Most of A. butzleri were resistant to tetracycline (72%), amoxicillin (69%), erythromycin (67%) and cefoxitin (66%), while 33% and 6% of them were resistant to ceftazidime and carbapenems, respectively. All were susceptible to gentamicin, colistin and fosfomycin. Fifty-five and nine isolates of A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus were respectively multidrug-resistant (MDR). The existence of tetA, tetB, dfrA, sul1, bla and bla included 61%, 58%, 57%, 34%, 46% and 3%, respectively. The virulence genes cadF, irgA, tylA, cdtC and cdtA genes were detected in all the A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus isolates. While, ciaB mviN and pldA genes were respectively detected in 91%, 88% and 84% of A. butzleri and 97%, 93% and 87% of A. cryaerophilus isolates. There was a significant relation between MDR and existence of virulence genes. Existence of pathogenic and drug-resistant- Arcobacter spp in raw meat is a threat for human health, necessitating confirmation of quality and safety of meat products.
Topics: Animals; Arcobacter; Cattle; Food Microbiology; Iraq; Meat; Meat Products; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 33249163
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104649 -
Letters in Applied Microbiology Feb 2021This research aims to investigate the presence and pathogenic potential of Arcobacter in poultry meat samples purchased in the retail market of Valdivia (South of Chile)...
This research aims to investigate the presence and pathogenic potential of Arcobacter in poultry meat samples purchased in the retail market of Valdivia (South of Chile) as well as in faecal samples from backyard chickens from rural areas around this city. The isolates obtained were identified by molecular methods. Furthermore, putative virulence genes were assessed by PCR and the antimicrobial resistance was tested by phenotypic methods. Arcobacter was present in 41·6% of the samples, with the highest value in retail poultry meat (55·7%) followed by backyard production (28·0%). Arcobacter butzleri was the most prevalent species (75·6%) followed by Arcobacter skirrowii (14·8%) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (9·6%). An 8·5% of A. butzleri strains from meat were resistant to both ciprofloxacin and tetracycline and 6·1% were resistant to erythromycin, while none was resistant to gentamycin, unlike strains from domestic chickens, which showed no resistance. Furthermore, A. butzleri strains from chicken meat presented a higher prevalence of virulence genes than strains from domestic chickens. In fact, in this last group, some genes (hecA, hecB and irgA) were completely absent. Therefore, this study provides insight on the epidemiology of Arcobacter in Chilean poultry and suggests that under traditional breeding conditions strains are, apparently, less pathogenic and drug resistant.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arcobacter; Chickens; Chile; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Feces; Food Microbiology; Gentamicins; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Meat; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry; Prevalence; Tetracycline; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 33025583
DOI: 10.1111/lam.13404 -
Journal of Food Protection Jun 2014Arcobacter species have been recognized as potential food- and waterborne pathogens. The lack of standardized isolation methods and the relatively scarce knowledge about... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Arcobacter species have been recognized as potential food- and waterborne pathogens. The lack of standardized isolation methods and the relatively scarce knowledge about their prevalence and distribution as emerging pathogens are due to the limitations in their detection and identification. This study aimed to determine the presence and the identification of Arcobacter in chicken breast samples commercially retailed in San José, Costa Rica, as well as to describe the adherence and invasive potential of the strains to human cells (HEp-2). Fifty chicken breast samples were collected from retail markets in the metropolitan area of the country. Six different isolation methodologies were applied for the isolation of Arcobacter. Isolation strategies consisted of combinations of enrichments in de Boer or Houf selective broths and subsequent isolation in blood agar (directly or with a previous passive membrane filtration step) or Arcobacter selective agar. Suspicious colonies were identified with a genus-specific PCR, whereas species-level identification was achieved with a multiplex PCR. The overall isolation frequency of Arcobacter was 56%. From the isolation strategies, the combination of enrichment in Houf selective broth followed by filtration on blood agar showed the best performance, with a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 84%. A total of 46 isolates were confirmed as Arcobacter with the genus-specific PCR, from which 27 (59%) corresponded to Arcobacter butzleri, 9 (19%) to Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and 10 (22%) were not identified with this multiplex PCR. Regarding the potential pathogenicity, 75% of the isolates presented adherence to HEp-2 cells, while only 22% were invasive to that cell line. All invasive strains were A. butzleri or nonidentified strains. The results show the presence of potentially pathogenic Arcobacter in poultry and recognize the importance it should receive as a potential foodborne pathogen from public health authorities.
Topics: Animals; Arcobacter; Bacterial Adhesion; Biodiversity; Chickens; Colony Count, Microbial; Costa Rica; Food Contamination; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Meat; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Virulence
PubMed: 24853508
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-368 -
Environmental Microbiology Jun 2008We investigated the presence of Arcobacter spp. in 205 water samples of freshwater, seawater and sewage in Spain. These bacteria were present in 55.1% of the samples...
We investigated the presence of Arcobacter spp. in 205 water samples of freshwater, seawater and sewage in Spain. These bacteria were present in 55.1% of the samples (113/205) and were significantly associated for the first time with bacterial indicators of fecal pollution. The dominant species in the positive samples was Arcobacter butzleri (94%) followed by Arcobacter cryaerophilus (30%) and Arcobacter skirrowii (1.8%).
Topics: Arcobacter; Colony Count, Microbial; Feces; Fresh Water; Seawater; Sewage; Spain; Water Pollution
PubMed: 18215159
DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01555.x -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Mar 2012Interest in arcobacters in veterinary and human public health has increased since the first report of the isolation of arcobacters from food of animal origin. Since...
Interest in arcobacters in veterinary and human public health has increased since the first report of the isolation of arcobacters from food of animal origin. Since then, studies worldwide have reported the occurrence of arcobacters on food and in food production animals and have highlighted possible transmission, especially of Arcobacter butzleri, to the human population. In humans, arcobacters are associated with enteritis and septicemia. To assess their clinical relevance for humans and animals, evaluation of potential virulence factors is required. However, up to now, little has been known about the mechanisms of pathogenicity. Because of their close phylogenetic affiliation to the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter and their similar clinical manifestations, the presence of nine putative Campylobacter virulence genes (cadF, ciaB, cj1349, hecA, hecB, irgA, mviN, pldA, and tlyA) previously identified in the recent Arcobacter butzleri ATCC 49616 genome sequence was determined in a large set of human and animal Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii strains after the development of rapid and accurate PCR assays and confirmed by sequencing and dot blot hybridization.
Topics: Animals; Arcobacter; Campylobacter; Genes, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 22170914
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.05872-11