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Ophthalmic Epidemiology Oct 2014To determine the prevalence of corneal arcus, its risk factors, and its relationship to ocular and visual indices.
PURPOSE
To determine the prevalence of corneal arcus, its risk factors, and its relationship to ocular and visual indices.
METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, 300 clusters were randomly selected from Shahroud in the north of Iran, using multistage sampling. A total of 20 people were invited to participate from each cluster. After enrollment, all optometric, biometric and ophthalmic exams were conducted on site.
RESULTS
Of 6311 people invited, 5190 (82.2%) participated in the study. The prevalence of corneal arcus was 23.3% (95% confidence interval, CI, 22.1-24.6), and 98.4% were bilateral cases. The prevalence of corneal arcus was higher in men (odds ratio, OR, 2.02, 95% CI 1.8-2.3, p < 0.001) and increased with age (OR 1.1/year, p < 0.001). In a multivariable-adjusted regression model, age (OR 1.1/year, p = 0.006), male sex (OR 1.30, p = 0.001), diabetes (OR 0.7, p < 0.001), smoking (OR 1.5, p = 0.003), outdoor activity (OR 1.4, p = 0.006), systolic blood pressure (OR 1.01, p = 0.012), and diastolic blood pressure (OR 0.99, p = 0.016) were significantly correlated with corneal arcus. Including biometric components in another model, corneal thickness (OR 0.99, p < 0.001), anterior chamber depth (OR 0.68, p < 0.001) and corneal radius of curvature (OR 1.59, p < 0.001) were significantly correlated with corneal arcus.
CONCLUSION
This study adds valuable information to the epidemiology of corneal arcus in Iran and the Middle East. In people aged over 60 years, nearly 50% of the study population had corneal arcus. Older age, male sex, smoking, and systolic hypertension were risk factors for corneal arcus. Corneal arcus was also associated with thin and flat corneas and shallow anterior chamber depth.
Topics: Adult; Age Distribution; Aging; Arcus Senilis; Biometry; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Iran; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sex Distribution; Sex Factors; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 25118951
DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2014.949782 -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Aug 2018
Topics: Arcus Senilis; Asian People; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29884543
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.03.046 -
Journal of the American Medical... Mar 1959
Association of specific overt behavior pattern with blood and cardiovascular findings; blood cholesterol level, blood clotting time, incidence of arcus senilis, and clinical coronary artery disease.
Topics: Arcus Senilis; Behavior; Blood; Blood Coagulation; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Cardiovascular System; Cholesterol; Cornea; Corneal Diseases; Coronary Artery Disease; Coronary Disease; Disease; Humans; Incidence; Whole Blood Coagulation Time
PubMed: 13630753
DOI: 10.1001/jama.1959.03000290012005 -
Lancet (London, England) Nov 1993
Topics: Aged; Arcus Senilis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 7901520
DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92170-x -
Archives of Internal Medicine Jun 1964
Topics: Arcus Senilis; Carotenoids; Cornea; Diagnosis, Differential; Diet, Vegetarian; Eye Manifestations; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Hepatolenticular Degeneration; Humans; Metabolic Diseases
PubMed: 14131969
DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1964.00280120017004 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Feb 2018
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Anticholesteremic Agents; Arcus Senilis; Cholesterol; Corneal Diseases; Coronary Artery Disease; Female; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II; Injections, Subcutaneous; Middle Aged; Mutation; PCSK9 Inhibitors; Receptors, LDL; Xanthomatosis
PubMed: 29419393
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j5884 -
American Journal of Optometry and... Oct 1965
Topics: Adult; Aging; Arcus Senilis; Cholesterol; Cornea; Humans
PubMed: 5213294
DOI: 10.1097/00006324-196510000-00002 -
Acta Cardiologica 1967
Topics: Adult; Aged; Arcus Senilis; Arteriosclerosis; Cholesterol; Cornea; Eye Diseases; Heart Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 5299546
DOI: No ID Found -
Archives D'ophtalmologie Et Revue... Mar 1960
Topics: Arcus Senilis; Cornea; Humans
PubMed: 13853128
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Genetics Dec 1998Premature corneal arcus may identify individuals with hyperlipidaemia and increased cardiovascular risk. We have attempted to quantitate relationships through...
Premature corneal arcus may identify individuals with hyperlipidaemia and increased cardiovascular risk. We have attempted to quantitate relationships through determination of graded prevalence of corneal arcus with age for 81 males and 73 females suffering from heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HFH) at presentation, and for 280 male and 353 female unselected patients (age range 16-76 years) attending a country general practice. Some degree of arcus affected 50% of HFH patients by age 31-35 years, and 50% of practice patients by age 41-45 years. Complete full ring arcus affected 50% of the familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) group by age 50 years, with only 5% similarly affected in the non-FH group. Arcus grade with age was advanced by some 5 years in males versus females. Premature arcus potentially alerting to HFH can be broadly defined for males and females combined, as heavy full ring by age 50 years, or any degree of arcus by age 30-35 years. Arcus grade was not related to the presence of coronary disease. Accelerated development of corneal arcus with age is an indicator of HFH, but premature arcus is not an additional marker of premature coronary disease for individual cases of HFH.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Arcus Senilis; Coronary Disease; Female; Heterozygote; Humans; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 9894796
DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1998.tb03770.x