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Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Jun 2020The reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex is the last step in the breast reconstruction process. Several techniques have been described over the years. The aim of... (Review)
Review
The reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex is the last step in the breast reconstruction process. Several techniques have been described over the years. The aim of this review is to provide clarity on the currently available reconstructive options.
Topics: Adult; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Mastectomy; Middle Aged; Nipples; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Surgical Flaps
PubMed: 32560062
DOI: 10.3390/medicina56060296 -
Current Problems in Dermatology 2022Medical tattoos are used for camouflage of a wide range of disfiguring skin pathologies and conditions. Recently, tattooing of the nipple and areola of the breast has... (Review)
Review
Medical tattoos are used for camouflage of a wide range of disfiguring skin pathologies and conditions. Recently, tattooing of the nipple and areola of the breast has been introduced as a corrective treatment of sequelae from breast cancer surgery and radiotherapy. The psychologic impact of a disfigured nipple and areola can invalidate self-esteem of the sufferer lifelong with major consequences for social life. Medical tattooing can often restore the visual appearance of the nipple-areolar complex back to normality and even improve the 3D impression of the entire breast. High skills of the operator are needed. The article reviews the theoretical background, patient selection and information, technical performance, and aftercare. Close cooperation between surgeon, dermatologist, and medical tattooist is essential. Medical centers treating breast cancer should routinely have access to corrective medical tattooing.
Topics: Humans; Female; Mammaplasty; Breast Neoplasms; Nipples; Mastectomy; Tattooing; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
PubMed: 37263222
DOI: 10.1159/000526195 -
Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Et... Nov 2022THE NIPPLE-AREOLA COMPLEX, ALSO KNOWN AS THE NIPPLE-AREOLA PLATE, IS AN ESSENTIAL VISUAL FEATURE OF THE BREAST.THIS COMPLEX CAN BE AFFECTED BY VARIOUS MALFORMATIONS,...
THE NIPPLE-AREOLA COMPLEX, ALSO KNOWN AS THE NIPPLE-AREOLA PLATE, IS AN ESSENTIAL VISUAL FEATURE OF THE BREAST.THIS COMPLEX CAN BE AFFECTED BY VARIOUS MALFORMATIONS, BOTH CONGENITAL AND ACQUIRED. ALTHOUGH THESE ANOMALIES OFTEN HAVE A MODERATE IMPACT ON THE FUNCTIONALITY OF THIS COMPLEX, THE RESULTING PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES CAN BE SIGNIFICANT. THEIR TREATMENT IS MOST OFTEN SURGICAL AND MANY TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED OVER THE YEARS TO RECONSTRUCT AREOLA AND NIPPLE. REGARDLESS OF THE TECHNIQUE USED, THIS ONE AS TO BE SIMPLE, QUICK, IMITATE AS CLOSELY AS POSSIBLE A NATIVE AREOLA-NIPPLE COMPLEX AND BE RELATIVELY DURABLE, AVOIDING NUMEROUS SURGICAL PROCEDURES.: .
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Mammaplasty; Nipples
PubMed: 36028409
DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2022.06.013 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Mar 2018After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Understand how to determine nipple-areola complex positioning on the reconstructed breast. 2....
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Understand how to determine nipple-areola complex positioning on the reconstructed breast. 2. Understand the multitude of local flap and distant graft options for nipple-areola complex reconstruction. 3. Draw at least three fundamental nipple-areola complex reconstruction patterns. 4. Understand the forces that are responsible for flattening of the reconstructed papule. 5. Understand the current techniques used in secondary nipple-areola complex reconstructions.
SUMMARY
Nipple-areola complex reconstruction and tattooing represent the final two stages of breast reconstruction. Nipple-areola complex reconstruction is typically accomplished with the use of local flaps, local flaps with augmentation grafts, or a combination thereof. Regardless of the technique used, however, all nipple-areola complex reconstructions lose a degree of projection over time. Options for secondary reconstruction include the use of local tissue flaps alone or in combination with acellular biological matrices.
Topics: Female; Humans; Mammaplasty; Nipples; Skin Transplantation; Surgical Flaps; Tattooing
PubMed: 29481412
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000004166 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Nov 2018
Topics: Mammaplasty; Nipples; Surgical Flaps
PubMed: 30222673
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000004900 -
Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Et... Jun 2018
Topics: Cartilage; Mammaplasty; Nipples; Prostheses and Implants; Ribs
PubMed: 29625760
DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2018.03.002 -
Annals of Plastic Surgery Jun 2023In breast reconstruction, mastopexy, and breast reduction procedures, surgeons make decisions about the resulting areola size, and this significantly impacts the overall...
BACKGROUND
In breast reconstruction, mastopexy, and breast reduction procedures, surgeons make decisions about the resulting areola size, and this significantly impacts the overall aesthetic result. Despite the importance of these decisions, little is known about the general population's preferences for areola size. The objective of this study was to survey the global population to better understand the public's perceptions of ideal areola dimensions.
METHODS
A survey was developed with 9 different composite diagrams of a female torso (every combination of 3 breast widths and 3 waist widths). In each composite diagram, 6 different areola sizes were shown (areola-to-breast diameter ranging from 1:12 to 6:12). The survey was distributed via the Amazon Mechanical Turk digital platform, and respondents' demographics (sex, age, race/ethnicity, country, and state if located in the United States) and preferences for the most aesthetically pleasing size in each composite diagram were recorded.
RESULTS
Among 2259 participants, with 1283 male (56.8%) and 976 female (43.2%), most participants were between 25 and 34 years old (1012, 44.8%), were from the United States (1669, 73.9%), and identified as White (1430, 63.3%). With 9 breast width and waist width combinations, the respondents were most likely to prefer the 2:12 (32.9%) areola-to-breast ratio ( P < 0.0001). The second most commonly preferred ratio was 3:12 (30.6%) ( P < 0.0001). Gender subgroup analysis showed that women preferred middle-range ratios, such as 2:12, 3:12, and 4:12 ( P < 0.0001). Meanwhile, men were more likely to prefer extreme ratios of 1:12 or 6:12 ( P < 0.0001). Across almost all races/ethnicities, 2:12 was significantly the most popular, except among American Indian/Alaskan Native and Middle Eastern where 3:12 was the most preferred ( P < 0.0001). Within the top 6 countries (United States, India, Brazil, Italy, Canada, United Kingdom), the United States, India, and Italy preferred 2:12, and Brazil, Canada, and the United Kingdom preferred 3:12 ( P < 0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides the first objective data on public impressions of the ideal areola proportions and can serve as a guide for surgical decision making in breast reconstruction and reshaping procedures.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Ethnicity; Mammaplasty; Nipples; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Public Opinion; United States; Esthetics
PubMed: 36752529
DOI: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000003407 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Jan 2021
Topics: Adult; Esthetics; Female; Gynecomastia; Humans; Male; Mammaplasty; Nipples; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 33044279
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007489 -
Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen... Dec 2011The male nipple-areola-complex (NAC) is a residual organ without physiologic functions in the male. It possesses similar hormone sensitivity and sexual sensitivity as... (Review)
Review
The male nipple-areola-complex (NAC) is a residual organ without physiologic functions in the male. It possesses similar hormone sensitivity and sexual sensitivity as the female organ. The location of the NAC on the chest wall with respect to other surface features is relevant for the male appearance. All known disseminated skin diseases may involve the nipple and areola. A number of specific localized diseases have been described in the literature, such as mammillary eczema, demodicidosis, lymphadenosis cutis benigna, nevoid hyperkeratosis, and thelalgia. Special attention is required if nipple discharge is observed. Areolar sebaceous hyperplasia and nearly all kinds of benign cutaneous tumors occur on the nipple and areola. Malignant tumors such as basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, Paget disease and other forms of breast cancer may also be found. In addition, aberrant mammary tissue may occur with a broad clinical spectrum, while absence of the nipple is an unusual observation and occurs in rare syndromes. The association of aberrant mammary tissue with urinary tract malformations has not been confirmed.
Topics: Breast Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Nipples; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 21651722
DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07720.x -
Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive &... 2006Along with continuing progress in reconstructive surgery of the breast numerous techniques of nipple-areola reconstruction have been developed. With time and experience... (Review)
Review
Along with continuing progress in reconstructive surgery of the breast numerous techniques of nipple-areola reconstruction have been developed. With time and experience some methods have been discredited to historical significance only while others have evolved to widely accepted concepts used by surgeons all over the world, which in turn contributed new ideas and modifications. In addition to those favourite techniques others are reserved as second-line alternatives in specific situations. The principle criterion for a pleasing nipple-areola complex is symmetry regarding several parameters: colour, texture, size, and projection. The purpose of this manuscript is to review and discuss the concepts and techniques of nipple-areola reconstruction that have evolved over the past decades. Furthermore, those principles and techniques are pointed out that fulfil best the criteria of an ideal nipple-areola complex with emphasis on different techniques of breast reconstruction and individual conditions of the patient.
Topics: Esthetics; Female; Humans; Mammaplasty; Nipples; Skin Transplantation; Surgical Flaps; Tattooing
PubMed: 16482789
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2005.08.006