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Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Sep 2022The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro activity of thirty-eight heterocyclic organoboron compounds (1a-o, 2a-j, 3a-m) against clinically isolated...
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro activity of thirty-eight heterocyclic organoboron compounds (1a-o, 2a-j, 3a-m) against clinically isolated dermatophytes Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of compounds (1a-o, 2a-j, 3a-m) were determined according to published protocol Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38-A2 broth microdilution method. The minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) for both T. mentagrophytes and M. canis were found by subculturing each fungal suspension on potato dextrose agar. According to the results, heterocyclic organoboron compounds (1a-o, 2a-j, 3a-m) were found to be more effective against dermatophyte M. canis (MIC = 3.12-25 µg/ml) than T. mentagrophytes (MIC = 12.5-100 µg/ml). Our findings showed that 7-membered heterocyclic organoboron compounds (3a-m) (MIC = 12.5-50 µg/ml) have stronger in vitro antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes than 5-membered heterocyclic organoboron compounds (1a-o, 2a-j) (MIC = 25-100 µg/ml). The MFC values for all compounds ranged from 6.25 to 200 µg/ml. The limited number of systemic antifungal agents used in the treatment of dermatophyte infections and the presence of side effects have led to the search for new treatment resources in recent years. Therefore, investigation of the effect of heterocyclic organoboron compounds against dermatophytes will be promising for the discovery of new antifungal compounds that have gained great importance today.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Arthrodermataceae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microsporum; Trichophyton
PubMed: 35697970
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00777-3 -
Veterinary Dermatology Dec 2022Dermatophytes are infectious zoonotic fungal agents that are common in animals worldwide. A new loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method and quantitative...
BACKGROUND
Dermatophytes are infectious zoonotic fungal agents that are common in animals worldwide. A new loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method and quantitative (q)PCR can be used for identifying these agents. Both methods have high specificity and sensitivity, and are simple and quick to use.
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES
To develop a LAMP and a rapid multiplex qPCR method for detecting Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, which are the most common fungal species isolated from cats and dogs.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Both methods targeted the CHS-1 gene. Their specificity and sensitivity were tested using 64 M. canis and 44 T. mentagrophytes field strains. The validation of the methods was performed using 250 clinical fungal-positive hair samples.
RESULTS
The specificity value was 100% for both methods. For LAMP, the sensitivity value was 96.9% for M. canis and 93.2% for T. mentagrophytes. For qPCR, the sensitivity values were 98.4% for M. canis and 97.7% for T. mentagrophytes. Similar specificity and sensitivity results were obtained from the validation study using 250 clinical hair samples. LAMP and multiplex qPCR took 30 and 45 min (respectively) for both targets. The limit of detection (LOD) assays for both targets were 10 and 1 spore/mL for LAMP and multiplex qPCR, respectively.
CONCLUSION
These findings demonstrate that the LAMP and multiplex qPCR methods targeting CHS-1 gene developed in this study can be used both for point-of-care testing and in the laboratory for detecting M. canis and T. mentagrophytes with high specificity and sensitivity with an internal control.
Topics: Dogs; Cats; Animals; Arthrodermataceae; Trichophyton; Microsporum; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 36000592
DOI: 10.1111/vde.13111 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022It has long been recognized that inflammation to dermatophyte infection is different among various hosts, but the mechanism underlying is still not well understood....
INTRODUCTION
It has long been recognized that inflammation to dermatophyte infection is different among various hosts, but the mechanism underlying is still not well understood. Toll-like receptor (TLR2), mediates the innate immune response against dermatophyte infection and is very important to trigger the inflammatory response to dermatophytes. Considering the different amino acid sequences and structures of TLR2, we speculated that TLR2 from different hosts will activate the downstream signal pathways to varying degrees, resulting in different inflammatory responses to dermatophytes.
METHODS
In this study, we constructed the mice-human fusion TLR2 expressed HaCaT (mhTLR2-HaCaT) by replacing the extracellular ligand recognition region of human TLR2 with that of the mouse. Then hTLR2-HaCaT cells and mhTLR2-HaCaT cells were infected with T. rubrum and M. canis for 24 h followed by immunoblotting to asses associated proteins of p38 and JNK signal pathway.
RESULTS
Compared with that of human TLR2 expressed HaCaT (hTLR2-HaCaT), levels of phosphorylated p38 protein were increased in mhTLR2-HaCaT cells stimulated by T. rubrum for 24 h, and levels of phosphorylatedJNK and c-Jun protein were increased in mhTLR2-HaCaT cells whenstimulated with M. canis for 24 h.
DISCUSSION
Compared with hTLR2-HaCaT cells, p38 and JNK signal pathwayswere activated in mhTLR2-HaCaT after being infected by Trichophyton rubrumand Microsporum canis, respectively. Since p38 and JNK are the mainpathways that transduce the signal for host recognition of dermatophytes andmediate the downstream inflammatory response, it suggested that theinterspecific difference of TLR2 ectodomain may be one of the reasons for thedifferent inflammatory manifestations between humans and mice infected bythese two dermatophytes. Quite especially, the mouse-derived TLR2extracellular recognition region is more effective in recognizing T. rubrum andM. canis to activate the downstream signal pathways, resulting in a tenserinflammatory response against these two dermatophytes.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Arthrodermataceae; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Signal Transduction; Dermatomycoses
PubMed: 36713403
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1063443 -
The Journal of Dermatology Jul 2018
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Face; Humans; Infant; Male; Microsporum; Pets; Skin; Tinea
PubMed: 29411427
DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14242 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2018Dermatophytes are fungi capable of invading keratinized tissues. Isolation of the fungus with the culture is essential to guide the treatment, because there are more...
Dermatophytes are fungi capable of invading keratinized tissues. Isolation of the fungus with the culture is essential to guide the treatment, because there are more resistant species like Microsporum canis. The chronic use of corticosteroids leads to the deregulation of immunity, promoting atypical manifestations of infections. Topical antifungal therapy is often insufficient, requiring systemic medications. We describe the case of a patient undergoing systemic corticosteroid therapy with a large figurate lesion who presented complete response to exclusively topical treatment.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Antifungal Agents; Dermatomycoses; Erythema; Female; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Miconazole; Microsporum
PubMed: 29641719
DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20187094 -
Journal of Basic Microbiology Jan 2024Dermatophytes are highly infectious fungi that cause superficial infections in keratinized tissues in humans and animals. This group of fungi is defined by their ability...
Dermatophytes are highly infectious fungi that cause superficial infections in keratinized tissues in humans and animals. This group of fungi is defined by their ability to digest keratin and encompasses a wide range of species. We investigated a critical adhesion protein, subtilisin 3, utilized by Microsporum canis during initial stages of infection, analyzing its production and expression under varying growth conditions. Additionally, as this protein must be expressed and produced for dermatophyte infections to occur, we developed and optimized a diagnostic antibody assay targeting this protein. Subtilisin 3 levels were increased in culture when grown in baffled flasks and supplemented with either l-cysteine or cat hair. As subtilisin 3 was also produced in cultures not supplemented with keratin or cysteine, this study demonstrated that subtilisin 3 production is not reliant on the presence of keratin or its derivatives. These findings could help direct future metabolic studies of dermatophytes, particularly during the adherence phase of infections.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Subtilisin; Dermatomycoses; Keratins; Microsporum
PubMed: 37551993
DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300125 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2023A 64-year-old woman presented with a fist-sized, severely painful lesion with scales, crusts, pustules, erythema with subcutaneous abscess, and hair loss on the left...
A 64-year-old woman presented with a fist-sized, severely painful lesion with scales, crusts, pustules, erythema with subcutaneous abscess, and hair loss on the left temporal region. Direct microscopic examination revealed a large number of spores around the hair, which indicated ectothrix hair invasion, and some hyphae were also found. Histopathological examination showed significant inflammatory cell infiltration from the dermis to the subcutaneous tissues and into the hair follicles, destruction of the hair follicles with granulomatous reactions, and fungal masses along the hair within the hair follicles. Microsporum canis was identified based on morphological features via culture method and molecular biological analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region DNA sequence. The patient was diagnosed with kerion celsi caused by M. canis. For treatment of kerion celsi, we chose an oral antifungal agent, fosravuconazole (FRVCZ), which has been available since 2018 only in Japan. Clinical symptoms were cured in 12 weeks without scarring. No side effects were observed during oral administration of FRVCZ. The results of our case and several previous reports suggest that FRVCZ is effective in treating various types of dermatomycoses.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adult; Middle Aged; Antifungal Agents; Tinea Capitis; Microsporum; Hair; Dermatologic Agents
PubMed: 37258133
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.22-00025 -
International Journal of Biological... Jan 2021Chemical modifications in the chitosan structure may result in obtaining a new material with improved chemical properties, such as an ability to encapsulate lipophilic...
Chemical modifications in the chitosan structure may result in obtaining a new material with improved chemical properties, such as an ability to encapsulate lipophilic compounds. This study aimed to synthesize cinnamic acid grafted chitosan nanogel to encapsulate the essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum and Cinnamomum ssp., in order to develop a material to be applied in the control of dermatophytosis caused by the fungus Microsporum canis. The cinnamic acid graft in chitosan was verified by the Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of the C Nucleus (C SSNMR) and Thermal analysis coupled to mass spectrometry (TG-MS) techniques. The nanogel obtained showed affinity for the essential oils of S. aromaticum and Cinnamomum, with encapsulation efficiencies equal to 74% and 89%, respectively. When in an aqueous medium the nanogel with the encapsulated essential oils was able to form stable nanoparticles with average sizes of 176.0 ± 54.3 nm and 263.0 ± 81.4 nm. The cinnamic acid grafted chitosan nanogel showed antifungal activity in vitro against M. canis, inhibiting up to 53.96% of its mycelial growth. Complete inhibition of mycelial growth was achieved by the nanogel with encapsulated essential oils. The results found in this work demonstrated the development of a material with potential application in the control of dermatophytosis caused by the fungus M. canis.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Chitosan; Cinnamates; Cinnamomum; Microsporum; Nanocapsules; Nanogels; Oils, Volatile; Syzygium
PubMed: 33147435
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.247 -
Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen... Jul 2021Dermatophyte infections of the skin and nails are common worldwide and vary between geographical areas and over time. The aim of this study was to determine the...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Dermatophyte infections of the skin and nails are common worldwide and vary between geographical areas and over time. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological profile of dermatophytes in Germany with a focus on comparing children with adults.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
In this retrospective multicenter study, mycological dermatophyte culture results in the period 01/2014 to 12/2016 were analyzed according to identified pathogen, age and gender of patients, and type of disease.
RESULTS
Of 1,136 infections (children: n = 88, adults: n = 1,048), 50.8 % were clinically classified as onychomycosis, followed by tinea pedis (34.6 %), tinea corporis (16.2 %), tinea manus (16.2 %), tinea capitis (2.5 %), and tinea faciei (1.2 %). The most frequent pathogen was Trichophyton (T.) rubrum (78.6 %), followed by T. interdigitale (14.3 %), T. benhamiae (3.2 %), T. mentagrophytes (2.1 %), and Microsporum canis (1.7 %). The fungal spectrum differed particularly in tinea corporis and tinea capitis between children and adults with a more diverse pathogen spectrum in children. Trichophyton tonsurans was rarely identified as cause for tinea corporis (2.7 %) or tinea capitis (3.3 %).
CONCLUSIONS
Differences in pathogens and frequency of fungal infections between age groups should be considered for optimal selection of the appropriate therapeutic regimen.
Topics: Adult; Arthrodermataceae; Child; Dermatomycoses; Germany; Hand Dermatoses; Humans; Microsporum; Retrospective Studies; Tinea; Trichophyton
PubMed: 33973357
DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14432 -
Frontiers in Medicine 2021The checkerboard broth method based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M38-A3 document was used in this study to evaluate the activity of allicin alone...
The checkerboard broth method based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M38-A3 document was used in this study to evaluate the activity of allicin alone and in combination with the antifungal drugs (griseofulvin, fluconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine) against isolated from patients with tinea capitis. When allicin was used alone, only weak anti- effects were found. The MIC, MIC and geometric mean (GM) of terbinafine were the lowest among the compounds tested. Synergism was observed for the combinations of allicin with itraconazole and terbinafine. Only indifference was observed for the combinations of allicin with griseofulvin and fluconazole. Our study illustrated the synergism of allicin in combination with itraconazole and terbinafine, which could be a reference for the treatment of tinea capitis due to .
PubMed: 34901093
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.783086