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Annual Review of Entomology 1975
Review
Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Ants; Arthropods; Behavior, Animal; Circadian Rhythm; Cold Temperature; Coleoptera; Desert Climate; Ecology; Environmental Exposure; Grasshoppers; Hot Temperature; Houseflies; Humidity; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Light; Mites; Phthiraptera; Scorpions; Soil; Temperature; Ticks; Water
PubMed: 1090239
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.en.20.010175.001401 -
Annual Review of Entomology 2009Ecdysteroids are multifunctional hormones in male and female arthropods and are stored in oocytes for use during embryogenesis. Ecdysteroid biosynthesis and its hormonal... (Review)
Review
Ecdysteroids are multifunctional hormones in male and female arthropods and are stored in oocytes for use during embryogenesis. Ecdysteroid biosynthesis and its hormonal regulation are demonstrated for insect gonads, but not for the gonads of other arthropods. The Y-organ in the cephalothorax of crustaceans and the integument of ticks are sources of secreted ecdysteroids in adults, as in earlier stages, but the tissue source is not known for adults in many arthropod groups. Ecdysteroid metabolism occurs in several tissues of adult arthropods. This review summarizes the evidence for ecdysteroid biosynthesis by gonads and its metabolism in adult arthropods and considers the apparent uniqueness of ecdysteroid hormones in arthropods, given the predominance of vertebrate-type steroids in sister invertebrate groups and vertebrates.
Topics: Animals; Arthropods; Ecdysteroids; Gonads
PubMed: 18680437
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093334 -
Current Biology : CB Jul 2018Compared to other arthropods, such as crustaceans or insects, the term 'chelicerate' often does not evoke a similar sense of recognition or familiarity. Yet the...
Compared to other arthropods, such as crustaceans or insects, the term 'chelicerate' often does not evoke a similar sense of recognition or familiarity. Yet the subphylum Chelicerata has been encountered by every living person today, frequently to the effect of fear, awe, or outright revulsion. Chelicerates include such familiar groups as spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks, as well as an array of bizarre and unfamiliar forms, such as vinegaroons, camel spiders, and hooded tick spiders (Figure 1).
Topics: Animals; Arthropods; Behavior, Animal; Biodiversity; Life History Traits; Phylogeny
PubMed: 30040933
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.036 -
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge... Nov 2014The mechanisms and functions of reversible colour change in arthropods are highly diverse despite, or perhaps due to, the presence of an exoskeleton. Physiological... (Review)
Review
The mechanisms and functions of reversible colour change in arthropods are highly diverse despite, or perhaps due to, the presence of an exoskeleton. Physiological colour changes, which have been recorded in 90 arthropod species, are rapid and are the result of changes in the positioning of microstructures or pigments, or in the refractive index of layers in the integument. By contrast, morphological colour changes, documented in 31 species, involve the anabolism or catabolism of components (e.g. pigments) directly related to the observable colour. In this review we highlight the diversity of mechanisms by which reversible colour change occurs and the evolutionary context and diversity of arthropod taxa in which it has been observed. Further, we discuss the functions of reversible colour change so far proposed, review the limited behavioural and ecological data, and argue that the field requires phylogenetically controlled approaches to understanding the evolution of reversible colour change. Finally, we encourage biologists to explore new model systems for colour change and to engage scientists from other disciplines; continued cross-disciplinary collaboration is the most promising approach to this nexus of biology, physics, and chemistry.
Topics: Animals; Arthropods; Integumentary System; Pigmentation; Pigments, Biological
PubMed: 24495279
DOI: 10.1111/brv.12079 -
Arthropod Structure & Development Mar 2012This review compares the mouthparts and their modes of operation in blood-feeding Arthropoda which have medical relevance to humans. All possess piercing blood-sucking... (Review)
Review
This review compares the mouthparts and their modes of operation in blood-feeding Arthropoda which have medical relevance to humans. All possess piercing blood-sucking proboscides which exhibit thin stylet-shaped structures to puncture the host's skin. The tips of the piercing structures are serrated to provide anchorage. Usually, the piercing organs are enveloped by a soft sheath-like part which is not inserted. The piercing process includes either back and forth movements of the piercing structures, or sideways cutting motions, or the apex of the proboscis bears teeth-like structures which execute drilling movements. Most piercing-proboscides have a food-canal which is separate from a salivary canal. The food-canal is functionally connected to a suction pump in the head that transports blood into the alimentary tract. The salivary canal conducts saliva to the tip of the proboscis, from where it is discharged into the host. Piercing blood-sucking proboscides evolved either from (1) generalized biting-chewing mouthparts, (2) from piercing mouthparts of predators, or plant sap or seed feeders, (3) from lapping or sponging mouthparts. Representatives of one taxon of Acari liquefy skin tissue by enzymatic action. During feeding, many blood-feeding arthropods inadvertently transmit pathogens, which mostly are transported through the discharged saliva into the host.
Topics: Animals; Arthropods; Biological Evolution; Blood; Feeding Behavior; Mouth
PubMed: 22317988
DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2011.12.001 -
Arthropod Structure & Development Jan 2019
Topics: Animals; Arthropods; Editorial Policies; Periodicals as Topic
PubMed: 30782320
DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2019.01.006 -
Zootaxa Mar 2019This report addresses sixty-two deep-sea pycnogonid specimens collected by the Southwest Indian Ocean Seamounts Expedition, November 7 to December 21, 2011 on-board the...
This report addresses sixty-two deep-sea pycnogonid specimens collected by the Southwest Indian Ocean Seamounts Expedition, November 7 to December 21, 2011 on-board the British research vessel R.S.S. James Cook (voyage numbers JC066, JC067). Pycnogonids were collected from four of six geological features sampled along the central section of the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) in an area approximately 1500 km south-south east of Madagascar. Specimens were mostly gathered utilizing a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and tethered video-sediment grab platforms. Additional specimens were gathered from sediment cores or hand-picked from whale bone and wood-fall experiment nets and mooring buoy ropes. Fifteen new species are described, illustrated and compared with their nearest relatives. Two previously described species belonging to the genera Colossendeis and Austrodecus are recorded. A specimen of Austrodecus bamberi represents the first record of the female and is the only species in the collection previously known from the SWIR. One species of Colossendeis remains unnamed pending further analysis. One subadult specimen of Sericosura showing strong morphological affinity with a specimen previously recorded from the Walvis Ridge remains undescribed pending availability of further material. One subadult specimen is tentatively assigned to Nymphon. Specimens are assigned to six families and eight genera. Colossendeis rostrata is synonymised with C. melancholicus. The methodology of counting palp segments in the genera Austrodecus and Rhynchothorax is reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Arthropods; Female; Indian Ocean; Madagascar
PubMed: 31715881
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.3.1 -
Science Bulletin Nov 2021
Topics: Animals; Arthropods; Phylogeny; Fossils; China
PubMed: 36654455
DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.07.019 -
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution May 2023The phylogeny of sea spiders has been debated for more than a century. Despite several molecular studies in the last twenty years, interfamilial relationships remain...
The phylogeny of sea spiders has been debated for more than a century. Despite several molecular studies in the last twenty years, interfamilial relationships remain uncertain. In the present study, relationships within Pycnogonida are examined in the light of a new dataset composed of 160 mitochondrial genomes (including 152 new sequences) and 130 18S rRNA gene sequences (including 120 new sequences), from 141 sea spider morphospecies representing 26 genera and 9 families. Node congruence between mitochondrial and nuclear markers was analysed to identify the most reliable relationships. We also reanalysed a multilocus dataset previously published and showed that the high percentages of missing data make phylogenetic conclusions difficult and uncertain. Our results support the monophyly of most families currently accepted, except Callipallenidae and Nymphonidae, the monophyly of the superfamilies Ammotheoidea (Ammotheidae + Pallenopsidae), Nymphonoidea (Nymphonidae + Callipallenidae), Phoxichilidioidea (Phoxichilidiidae + Endeidae) and Colossendeoidea (Colossendeidae + Pycnogonidae + Rhynchothoracidae), and the sister-group relationship between Ammotheoidea and Phoxichilidioidea. We discuss the morphological evolution of sea spiders, identifying homoplastic characters and possible synapomorphies. We also discuss the palaeontological and phylogenetic arguments supporting either a radiation of sea spiders prior to Jurassic or a progressive diversification from Ordovician or Cambrian.
Topics: Animals; Arthropods; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Genome, Mitochondrial; Phylogeny; Genes, rRNA; Spiders; RNA, Ribosomal, 28S
PubMed: 36754337
DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107726 -
Genes Oct 2022Due to the limitations of taxon sampling and differences in results from the available data, the phylogenetic relationships of the Myriapoda remain contentious....
Due to the limitations of taxon sampling and differences in results from the available data, the phylogenetic relationships of the Myriapoda remain contentious. Therefore, we try to reconstruct and analyze the phylogenetic relationships within the Myriapoda by examining mitochondrial genomes (the mitogenome). In this study, typical circular mitogenomes of and were sequenced by Sanger sequencing; they were 15,279 bp and 14,637 bp in length, respectively, and a control region and 37 typical mitochondrial genes were annotated in the sequences. The results showed that all 13 PCGs started with ATN codons and ended with TAR codons or a single T; what is interesting is that the gene orders of have been extensively rearranged compared with most Myriapoda. Thus, we propose a simple duplication/loss model to explain the extensively rearranged genes of , hoping to provide insights into mitogenome rearrangement events in Myriapoda. In addition, our mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses showed that the main myriapod groups are monophyletic and supported the combination of the Pauropoda and Diplopoda to form the Dignatha. Within the Chilopoda, we suggest that Scutigeromorpha is a sister group to the Lithobiomorpha, Geophilomorpha, and Scolopendromorpha. We also identified a close relationship between the Lithobiomorpha and Geophilomorpha. The results also indicate that the mitogenome can be used as an effective mechanism to understand the phylogenetic relationships within Myriapoda.
Topics: Animals; Arthropods; Phylogeny; Genes, Mitochondrial; Chilopoda; Codon
PubMed: 36292672
DOI: 10.3390/genes13101787