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Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology... Dec 2017Examination of dental materials and their properties at the initial stage of the digestive process requires the development of conditions that mimic the environment of... (Review)
Review
Examination of dental materials and their properties at the initial stage of the digestive process requires the development of conditions that mimic the environment of the oral cavity. One of the main components of this area is saliva, where many reactions occur under natural conditions. Human saliva is an important physiological fluid that is essential for the maintenance of good oral health and of the entire human body; it is the place where digestion begins and thus contributes to the supply of those nutrients and health-promoting substances that are essential to the body but may also cause release of potential toxins. Thereby, the main aim of the study was to review the use of artificial saliva models in the context of stomatological and biological research. Biological studies have shown that the amount of biologically active substances in biological material is not the same as their quantity released under the conditions of the human digestive system and thus bioavailable to it. These results show that tables of active ingredients in drugs and food stuffs do not present their actual usefulness and availability to the human body.
Topics: Humans; Saliva; Saliva, Artificial
PubMed: 29550792
DOI: No ID Found -
European Review For Medical and... Nov 2022We aimed at evaluating some chemical-physical properties of artificial saliva substitutes easily available on the E.U. market, such as viscosity, pH, buffering capacity,...
OBJECTIVE
We aimed at evaluating some chemical-physical properties of artificial saliva substitutes easily available on the E.U. market, such as viscosity, pH, buffering capacity, superficial tension, density and spinnbarkeit and to compare the results with human natural saliva bibliographic data.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Based on the easy availability on the market, twelve artificial saliva solutions in liquid formulation were analyzed. Kinematic viscosity (cSt) was determined using a micro-Ubbelohde model capillary viscosimeter (ViscoClock, SCHOOT-GERATE Mainz, Germany). Dynamic viscosity (mPas) was determined, through a simple multiplication between density (g/cm3) and kinematic viscosity of each solution. pH analyses were carried out at room temperature using a pH-meter (Mettler Toledo®- Five Easy, Columbus, OH, USA). Spinnbarkeit analysis was performed by a self-owned instrument built for the purpose.
RESULTS
The median density value, obtained from the cohort of artificial saliva substitutes, was 1.036 g/cm3. The median value of the kinematic viscosity was 8.984 cSt. The median spinnbarkeit value was 3.2 mm and the median pH value was 6.29. In this study we found an almost linear correlation between the kinematic viscosity and spinnbarkeit values of the artificial saliva substitutes evaluated.
CONCLUSIONS
Saliva substitutes should be as faithful as possible to the characteristics of human saliva, in order to completely replace its functions in the oral cavity. Nevertheless, despite several R&D efforts, it is difficult to reproduce all the different features that belongs to natural saliva in one device. Therefore, it would be desirable to create more products reproducing saliva with various rheological characteristics in respect of the main salivary functions such as: chewing, speaking and tissue coating.
Topics: Humans; Saliva, Artificial; Viscosity; Rheology; Saliva; Physical Examination
PubMed: 36394731
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202211_30132 -
The Chinese Journal of Dental Research 2014Xerostomia is becoming a major issue in dental and medical clinics with an increase of aged population. Medication is the most common etiology of xerostomia, while the... (Review)
Review
Xerostomia is becoming a major issue in dental and medical clinics with an increase of aged population. Medication is the most common etiology of xerostomia, while the most severe xerostomia generally occurs in patients with a history of head and neck radiotherapy. Xerostomic patients usually suffer from diminished quality of life due to various symptoms and complications. Decreased salivary output is a definite objective sign, but oral mucosal wetness is a more reliable factor for the evaluation of xerostomia. At present there are no effective therapeutic methods for the treatment of xerostomia. Sialogogues may have problematic side effects and their therapeutic effects last only brief duration. Artificial saliva typically does not produce satisfactory results in therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, further research and development of better therapeutic modalities are necessary. The basic concept for the development of ideal and functional artificial saliva is the mimicry of natural human saliva. We need proper candidate molecules and antimicrobial supplements to simulate the rheological and biological properties of human saliva. We also need better understanding of the interactions between the ingredients of artificial saliva themselves and between the ingredients and components of human saliva both in solution and on surface phases. In addition, we need accepted measures to evaluate the efficacy of artificial saliva. In conclusion, for the development of ideal artificial saliva, research based on the understanding of pathophysiology of xerostomia and knowledge about rheological and biological functions of human saliva are necessary.
Topics: Biology; Biomimetic Materials; Humans; Rheology; Saliva; Saliva, Artificial; Xerostomia
PubMed: 25531014
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry Nov 1984
Topics: Adult; Aged; Denture Design; Denture, Complete, Lower; Denture, Complete, Upper; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Palatal Obturators; Saliva, Artificial; Xerostomia
PubMed: 6387095
DOI: 10.1016/0022-3913(84)90147-1 -
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry Mar 2019The prosthodontic problems faced by a patient with xerostomia are of great concern. To aid in retention, artificial saliva substitutes should exhibit good wettability on...
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The prosthodontic problems faced by a patient with xerostomia are of great concern. To aid in retention, artificial saliva substitutes should exhibit good wettability on the denture base.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the wettability of 3 different artificial saliva substitutes on heat-polymerized acrylic resin and to compare these properties with natural saliva and distilled water.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A total of 150 heat-polymerized acrylic resin specimens were prepared with 25×15×2 mm dimensions. The specimens were divided into 5 groups (n=30): human saliva, distilled water, Aqwet, Mouth Kote, and Stoppers 4. The advancing and receding contact angle values were measured by using a goniometer, and the contact angle hysteresis and equilibrium angle were calculated. One-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni multiple comparisons test were performed to determine the difference between contact angle values among the groups (α=.05).
RESULTS
The means of the 5 groups differed significantly (P<.05). The comparison between human saliva and Aqwet showed no significant difference for advancing contact angle, receding contact angle, contact angle hysteresis, or equilibrium contact angle, while comparison between the remaining groups indicated statistically significant (P<.05) results. All 3 saliva substitutes used in this study (Aqwet, Mouth Kote, and Stoppers 4) had significantly better wetting properties than distilled water.
CONCLUSIONS
Human saliva had the lowest advancing, receding, and equilibrium contact angle values and the highest angle of hysteresis on heat-polymerized acrylic resin. Aqwet had better wetting ability than the other artificial salivary substitutes tested and was comparable to the human saliva on heat-polymerized acrylic resin. All saliva substitutes have better wetting properties than distilled water.
Topics: Acrylic Resins; Denture Bases; Hot Temperature; Humans; Materials Testing; Saliva, Artificial; Wettability
PubMed: 30391058
DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2018.03.037 -
Biorheology 2020Numerous functions of saliva depend on its biophysical properties. Mouth rinses react with saliva and change both their own properties and properties of saliva.
BACKGROUND
Numerous functions of saliva depend on its biophysical properties. Mouth rinses react with saliva and change both their own properties and properties of saliva.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to define the level of mixing of artificial saliva and mouth rinses, and define their viscosity and its changes at room and body temperature.
METHODS
Artificial saliva, fluoride solutions, chlorhexidine, zinc-hydroxyapatite solution and casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate were used. To simulate their mixing, Y-channel PVC chips were used, in two different microfluidics systems. The experiments were recorded with a microscope, then the proportion of mixing was calculated using Matlab. For viscosity measurements rotational viscometer was used.
RESULTS
The results show partial mixing of all solutions with artificial saliva. Measurements with a viscometer indicate different viscosities of all used solutions. Viscosity of a mixture of solution and artificial saliva is always in the range of viscosity of the artificial saliva and the solution separately. Moreover, viscosity of all solutions, as well as mixture with artificial saliva, significantly decreases at higher temperature.
CONCLUSION
Intraoral administration of mouth rinses results in change of biophysical properties of both saliva and mouth rinses. Those changes can affect preventive and therapeutic effect, and therefore oral health.
Topics: Chlorhexidine; Mouthwashes; Saliva; Saliva, Artificial; Viscosity
PubMed: 33459691
DOI: 10.3233/BIR-201008 -
Caries Research 2016The aim of this study was to evaluate the erosion-preventive effect of different artificial saliva formulations and human saliva in vitro compared to human saliva in...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the erosion-preventive effect of different artificial saliva formulations and human saliva in vitro compared to human saliva in situ. In the in vitro experiment, bovine enamel and dentin specimens were stored in artificial saliva (4 different formulations, each n = 20), deionized water (n = 20) or human saliva (n = 6 enamel and dentin specimens/volunteer) for 120 min. In the in situ experiment, each of the 6 enamel and dentin specimens was worn intraorally by 10 volunteers for 120 min. The specimens were then eroded (HCl, pH 2.6, 60 s). Half of the specimens were subjected to microhardness analysis (enamel) and the determination of calcium release into the acid (enamel and dentin), while the other half were again placed in the respective medium or worn intraorally, respectively, for 120 min before a second erosion was performed. Knoop microhardness of enamel and the calcium release of enamel and dentin into the acid were again determined. Statistical analysis was conducted by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA or two-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Enamel microhardness was not significantly different between all test groups after the first and the second erosive challenge, respectively. Enamel calcium loss was significantly lower in situ compared to the in vitro experiment, where there was no significant difference between all test groups. Dentin calcium loss was significantly lower than deionized water only after the first and than all except one artificial saliva after the second erosion. Under the conditions of this experiment, the use of artificial saliva formulations and human saliva in vitro does not reflect the intraoral situation in dental erosion experiments adequately.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Dental Enamel; Dentin; Saliva; Saliva, Artificial; Tooth Erosion
PubMed: 26870948
DOI: 10.1159/000443188 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2020Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized using the colloidal co-precipitation method and further coated with silica using the Stöber process. These were...
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized using the colloidal co-precipitation method and further coated with silica using the Stöber process. These were functionalized with carboxylic and amine functionalities for further covalent immobilization of antibodies on these MNPs. The procedure for covalent immobilization of antibodies on MNPs was developed using 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and -hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The evaluation of the efficiency of the coupling reaction was carried out by UV-vis spectrophotometry. The developed antibodies coupled to MNPs were tested for the pre-concentration of two biomarkers tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10). Both biomarkers were assessed in the matrix based on phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) and artificial saliva (AS) to carry out the demonstration of the format assay. Supernatants were used to determine the number of free biomarkers for both studies. Reduction of the nonspecific saliva protein adsorption on the surface of the complex antibodies-MNPs to levels low enough to allow the detection of biomarkers in complex media has been achieved.
Topics: Biomarkers; Biosensing Techniques; Humans; Magnetite Nanoparticles; Models, Theoretical; Molecular Structure; Particle Size; Saliva, Artificial
PubMed: 32878151
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173968 -
Vojnosanitetski Pregled Oct 2015Acrylic-based resins are intensively used in dentistry practice as restorative or denture-base materials. The purpose of this study was to analyze the surface structure...
BACKGROUND/AIM
Acrylic-based resins are intensively used in dentistry practice as restorative or denture-base materials. The purpose of this study was to analyze the surface structure of denture base resins and the amount of released potentially toxic substances (PTS) immediately upon polymerization and incubation in different types of artificial saliva.
METHODS
Storage of acrylic samples in two models of artificial saliva were performed in a water bath at the temperature of 37 +/- 1 degrees C. Analysis of the surface structure of samples was carned out using scanning electronic microscopy analysis immedidtely after polymerization and after the 30-day incubation. The amounts of PTS per day, week and month extracts were measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography.
RESULTS
Surface design and amount of PTS in acrylic materials were different and depended on the types and duration of polymerization. The surfaces of tested acrylates became flatter after immersing in solutions of artificial saliva. The degree of acrylic materials release was not dependent on the applied model of artificial saliva.
CONCLUSION
In order to improve biological features of acrylic resin materials, it was recommended that dentures lined with soft or hard cold-polymerized acrylates should be kept at least 1 to 7 days in water before being given to a patient. So, as to reach high degree of biocompatibility preparation of prosthetic restorations from heat-polymerized acrylate was unnecessary.
Topics: Acrylic Resins; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Polymerization; Risk Assessment; Saliva, Artificial; Solubility; Surface Properties; Temperature; Time Factors
PubMed: 26665556
DOI: 10.2298/vsp140304070k -
Clinical Oral Investigations Apr 2021To evaluate the efficacy of an edible artificial saliva gel, oral moisturizing jelly (OMJ), and a topical commercial gel (GC dry mouth gel) on Candida colonization and... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Efficacy of gel-based artificial saliva on Candida colonization and saliva properties in xerostomic post-radiotherapy head and neck cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy of an edible artificial saliva gel, oral moisturizing jelly (OMJ), and a topical commercial gel (GC dry mouth gel) on Candida colonization and saliva properties.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was a secondary analysis of a single-blinded randomized controlled trial conducted in xerostomic post-radiotherapy head and neck cancer patients. Candida colonization, stimulated salivary flow rate (SSFR), saliva pH, and buffering capacity (BC) were measured at 0, 1, and 2 months after each intervention. Candida colonization was quantified by colony counts and species identified by Candida Chromagar, polymerase chain reaction, and API 20C AUX system. Statistical significance level was 0.05.
RESULTS
A total of 56 participants in OMJ (N = 30) and GC (N = 26) groups completed the study. OMJ significantly increased saliva pH (p = 0.042) and BC (p = 0.013) after 1-month use, while GC only improved saliva pH (p = 0.027). Both interventions tended to increase SSFR but only GC had a significant increase at 2 months (p = 0.015). GC and OMJ significantly decreased the number of Candida species at 1 and 2 months, respectively. Both groups tended to reduce Candida counts but not significant.
CONCLUSIONS
Both OMJ and GC saliva gels could improve saliva pH and decrease the number of Candida species. OMJ is superior to GC in its buffering capacity, while GC may better improve salivary flow rate. Long-term and large-scale study is warranted to test the efficacy of artificial saliva in oral health improvement.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
OMJ and GC gel could decrease the number of Candida species and improve saliva properties in post-radiation xerostomic patients.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03035825. Date of registration: 25th January 2017.
Topics: Candida; Gels; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Saliva; Saliva, Artificial; Xerostomia
PubMed: 32779011
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03484-1