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Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2022Food additives refer to all kinds of trace substances used in food or food processing to preserve flavor or enhance food taste, appearance, or other qualities. At... (Review)
Review
Food additives refer to all kinds of trace substances used in food or food processing to preserve flavor or enhance food taste, appearance, or other qualities. At present, artificial synthetic food additives have gradually replaced the natural food additives and many problems related to food additives, involving the abuse of food additives, excessive additives or even toxic additives. Obviously, food additives can bring people great sensory enjoyment and commercial convenience, but they may also cause potential risks to human health. So, it is of high significance to conduct quantitative analysis on the content of food additives. According to their functions and the regulatory requirements of food additives, this review starts from the classification and structures of various food additives involving colorants, preservatives, antioxidants, sweeteners, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners, gelling agents. It then summarizes and discusses analytical methods for quantification of food additives including modern immunoassays and other biotechnological methods. The proposed review aspires to fill in the knowledge gap of food additives between academia and industry by covering all kinds of analytical methods for quantifying food additives.
Topics: Humans; Food Additives; Sweetening Agents; Antioxidants; Emulsifying Agents; Taste
PubMed: 34058921
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1929823 -
Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland :... 2022The aim: To evaluate muscle changes after sciatic nerve damage with the injection of bone marrow aspirate cells.
OBJECTIVE
The aim: To evaluate muscle changes after sciatic nerve damage with the injection of bone marrow aspirate cells.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Materials and methods: 36 rabbits underwent sciatic nerve cross-section and neuroraphy, bone marrow aspirate cells were injected directly or 7 weeks after neuroraphy. Changes in skeletal muscle morphology (photomicrographs of histological sections were analyzed for morphometric analysis of collagen region, quantitative analysis of conducted collagen density and measurement of muscle fibers diameter) and biochemical parameters (catalase activity, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase measurements and level of TBARS was determined) at 8, 12, and 16 weeks were examined.
RESULTS
Results: There is atrophy of muscle fibers in denervated muscles, and it has a negative tendency between 8 and 12 weeks. Delayed bone marrow aspirate cells injection into the muscles at 7 week - delayed atrophy and formation of TBA reactive substances. But bone marrow aspirate cells injection into the muscles directly after neuroraphy increased collagen formation, and development of fibrosis in areas of atrophy.
CONCLUSION
Conclusions: Sciatic nerve injury results in atrophy of muscle tissue, which is partially delayed after delayed bone marrow aspirate cells injection at week 7. Muscle atrophy was characterized by a sharp increase in TBARS levels at 12 and 16 weeks and catalase activity at 12 weeks, and changes in biochemical parameters were partially normalized after the use of cell aspirates, to a greater extent with delayed injection.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Bone Marrow; Catalase; Collagen; Denervation; Muscle Denervation; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Atrophy; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Rabbits; Sciatic Nerve; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances
PubMed: 35522870
DOI: No ID Found -
Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) Nov 2009Aspiration pneumonia is diagnosed upon confirmation of inflammatory findings in the lungs and overt aspiration (apparent aspiration) or a condition in which aspiration...
Aspiration pneumonia is diagnosed upon confirmation of inflammatory findings in the lungs and overt aspiration (apparent aspiration) or a condition in which aspiration is strongly suspected (abnormal swallowing function and dysphagia). In hospital-acquired pneumonia, this occurs as one consequence of frequent silent aspiration. In the diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia, evaluation of the risk of silent aspiration during the night and evaluation of swallowing function are important. The causative microorganisms in aspiration pneumonia, similar to community-acquired pneumonia, are basically thought to be bacteria residing in the oral cavity, such as pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus and anaerobes. Hospital-acquired aspiration pneumonia often occurs with no distinction between apparent and silent aspiration, and in many cases, aspiration of foreign substances is serious when dysphagia itself is severe. In the treatment of aspiration pneumonia, use of antimicrobials for the pneumonia itself and early measures to prevent aspiration are important.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Cross Infection; Deglutition Disorders; Humans; Japan; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 19857224
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01578.x -
Frontiers in Psychiatry Oct 2013Addiction is a person-level phenomenon that involves twin normative failures. A failure of normal rational effective agency or self-control with respect to the... (Review)
Review
Addiction is a person-level phenomenon that involves twin normative failures. A failure of normal rational effective agency or self-control with respect to the substance; and shame at both this failure, and the failure to live up to the standards for a good life that the addict himself acknowledges and aspires to. Feeling shame for addiction is not a mistake. It is part of the shape of addiction, part of the normal phenomenology of addiction, and often a source of motivation for the addict to heal. Like other recent attempts in the addiction literature to return normative concepts such as "choice" and "responsibility" to their rightful place in understanding and treating addiction, the twin normative failure model is fully compatible with investigation of genetic and neuroscientific causes of addiction. Furthermore, the model does not re-moralize addiction. There can be shame without blame.
PubMed: 24115936
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00120 -
Clinics in Sports Medicine Jul 1990Meniscal cysts are cysts that occur as a direct extension, or within the substance of the meniscus. The incidence varies in reports from 1% to 20% and are much more... (Review)
Review
Meniscal cysts are cysts that occur as a direct extension, or within the substance of the meniscus. The incidence varies in reports from 1% to 20% and are much more common laterally. They usually present as joint-line pain, swelling, or both in young adult men, and are often associated with meniscal tears. The exact etiology of meniscal cysts is unknown. A myxoid degenerative process is identified histologically. There is often a history of precedent trauma. Diagnosis is often suspected clinically and can be confirmed by arthrogram, CT, or MRI when necessary. Conservative treatment in the patient with few symptoms is recommended. Should the cyst become significantly symptomatic, it is necessary to treat the meniscal pathology to prevent a cyst recurrence. At the present time it is our recommendation that this be done by arthroscopically resecting the meniscus back to normal meniscus and either aspirating and injecting the cyst with steroid or local cyst excision if the aspiration and injection fails. If no meniscal tear is documented at arthroscopy, exploration and excision of the cyst are recommended.
Topics: Arthrography; Arthroscopy; Cysts; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Joint Diseases; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Menisci, Tibial
PubMed: 2199079
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2023This research examined illicit drug use and substance abuse disorders among Hispanic emerging adults using a two time-point study. Hypothesized predictors included...
This research examined illicit drug use and substance abuse disorders among Hispanic emerging adults using a two time-point study. Hypothesized predictors included concurrent use of different types of substances in adolescence and early adulthood (illicit drug use, binge alcohol use, and cigarette-smoking), along with the socialization context (family, peer, school, and other contextual factors) in adolescence. Overall, the findings showed that emerging adults who engaged in binge use of alcohol reported higher levels of illicit drug use and substance abuse disorders. Smoking cigarettes was associated with higher levels of illicit drug use in emerging adulthood, but not substance use disorders. Illicit drug use and binge alcohol use in adolescence were linked to higher levels of illicit drug use in emerging adulthood. Further, respondents who engaged in higher levels of illicit drug use, binge drinking, and smoking in adolescence were more likely to report higher levels of substance use disorders in early adulthood, signaling the importance of assessing adolescent drug use as a critical period for curbing long-term substance use-related impairment. Sibling alcohol use, college aspirations, and perceived discrimination during adolescence were also predictive of higher levels of substance use disorders in early adulthood. Higher academic achievement in adolescence, however, was associated with lower levels of illicit drug use in emerging adulthood. Lastly, males reported higher levels of illicit drug use and substance abuse disorders than females.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Humans; Male; Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Drinking; Hispanic or Latino; Illicit Drugs; Los Angeles; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult
PubMed: 34487485
DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2021.1952131 -
Psychiatry Journal 2014There is little disagreement in the substance use treatment literature regarding the conceptualization of substance dependence as a cyclic, chronic condition consisting... (Review)
Review
There is little disagreement in the substance use treatment literature regarding the conceptualization of substance dependence as a cyclic, chronic condition consisting of alternating episodes of treatment and subsequent relapse. Likewise, substance use treatment efforts are increasingly being contextualized within a similar disease management framework, much like that of other chronic medical conditions (diabetes, hypertension, etc.). As such, substance use treatment has generally been viewed as a process comprised of two phases. Theoretically, the incorporation of some form of lower intensity continuing care services delivered in the context of outpatient treatment after the primary treatment phase (e.g., residential) appears to be a likely requisite if all stakeholders aspire to successful long-term clinical outcomes. Thus, the overarching objective of any continuing care model should be to sustain treatment gains attained in the primary phase in an effort to ultimately prevent relapse. Given the extant treatment literature clearly supports the contention that treatment is superior to no treatment, and longer lengths of stay is associated with a variety of positive outcomes, the more prudent question appears to be not whether treatment works, but rather what are the specific programmatic elements (e.g., duration, intensity) that comprise an adequate continuing care model. Generally speaking, it appears that the duration of continuing care should extend for a minimum of 3 to 6 months. However, continuing care over a protracted period of up to 12 months appears to be essential if a reasonable expectation of robust recovery is desired. Limitations of prior work and implications for routine clinical practice are also discussed.
PubMed: 24839597
DOI: 10.1155/2014/692423 -
Journal of the American Psychiatric... 2022The American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) mortality rate from illicit drug use was 22.7%, double that of the general population between 2007 and 2009. Fifteen percent...
BACKGROUND
The American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) mortality rate from illicit drug use was 22.7%, double that of the general population between 2007 and 2009. Fifteen percent of AI/AN youth reported receiving treatment for substance use compared with 10% of non-AI/AN peers.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose was to explore the factors that influence substance use among AI/AN youth.
METHOD
We performed a systematic review using a results-based convergent synthesis design. Eight electronic databases were searched for articles published between 2014 and 2019 using the search terms "Native American youth," "Native American adolescent," "Native Youth," "substance use," "substance misuse," and "substance abuse." The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to appraise the studies.
RESULTS
Forty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria (44 quantitative, one qualitative, and two mixed-methods studies). The results were organized using the ecological systems model and included evaluation of both protective and risk factors related to AI/AN youth substance use. Three system levels were found to influence substance use: individual, micro- and macrosystems. The individual systems-level coping mechanisms played a key role in whether AI/AN youth initiated substance use. Family, school, and peer factors influence the microsystem level. At the macrosystem level, community environmental factors were influential.
CONCLUSION
The major factor linking all the systems was the influence of a connected relationship with a prosocial adult who instilled future aspirations and a positive cultural identity. Findings of this systematic mixed studies review will assist in intervention development for AI/AN youth to prevent substance misuse.
Topics: Adolescent; Alaska Natives; Humans; Substance-Related Disorders; American Indian or Alaska Native
PubMed: 34396829
DOI: 10.1177/10783903211038050 -
Frontiers in Psychiatry 2014
Review
PubMed: 25538635
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00180 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2018The nasal passages, conducting airways and gas-exchange surfaces of the lung, are constantly exposed to substances contained in the air that we breathe. While many of... (Review)
Review
The nasal passages, conducting airways and gas-exchange surfaces of the lung, are constantly exposed to substances contained in the air that we breathe. While many of these suspended substances are relatively harmless, some, for example, pathogenic microbes, noxious pollutants, and aspirated gastric contents can be harmful. The innate immune system, lungs and conducting airways have evolved specialized mechanisms to protect the respiratory system not only from these harmful inhaled substances but also from the overly exuberant innate immune activation that can arise during the host response to harmful inhaled substances. Herein, we discuss the cell types that contribute to lung innate immunity and inflammation and how their activities are coordinated to promote lung health.
Topics: Alveolar Epithelial Cells; Animals; Cell Communication; Cytokines; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation Mediators; Lung; Macrophages; Monocytes; Neutrophils; Pneumonia
PubMed: 29987779
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8570-8_2