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Trends in Biotechnology Aug 2023Paracoccus carotinifaciens could be considered a key microbial factory for obtaining healthier natural products such as astaxanthin (AXT), thus contributing to a...
Paracoccus carotinifaciens could be considered a key microbial factory for obtaining healthier natural products such as astaxanthin (AXT), thus contributing to a bioeconomy. Short cultivation time, high production titers, and thin cell wall are the main advantages that make this bacterium promising in the development of sustainable third-generation biorefineries.
Topics: Xanthophylls; Paracoccus
PubMed: 36775777
DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.01.016 -
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology Jun 2019Microorganisms (microalgae and fungi) are currently the main sources of astaxanthin; however, this carotenoid also accumulates in crustaceans, salmonids, and birds.... (Review)
Review
Microorganisms (microalgae and fungi) are currently the main sources of astaxanthin; however, this carotenoid also accumulates in crustaceans, salmonids, and birds. Seafood (derived from marine animals) processing wastes are significant sources of astaxanthin and can be employed as feed and for nutraceutical applications, where shrimp wastes are the most exploited seafood industry waste employed for astaxanthin extraction. This review discusses different sources, efficient environment-friendly extraction methods employed for astaxanthin extraction, biorefinery approaches for efficient extraction and future aspects of the application of these waste sources for commercial preparation of astaxanthin complexes. It also includes a brief overview of the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges for obtaining astaxanthin from various sources and various case scenarios integrating different biorefinery approaches.
Topics: Animals; Aquatic Organisms; Carotenoids; Crustacea; Microalgae; Xanthophylls
PubMed: 30939937
DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1573798 -
Journal of Microbiology (Seoul, Korea) Jun 2023In this study, effects of ultrasonic treatment on Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) were investigated. It has been confirmed that the ultrasonic stimulation acted...
In this study, effects of ultrasonic treatment on Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) were investigated. It has been confirmed that the ultrasonic stimulation acted as stress resources in the red cyst stage H. pluvialis cells containing astaxanthin, resulting in additional astaxanthin production. With the increase in production of astaxanthin, the average diameter of H. pluvialis cells increased accordingly. In addition, to determine how ultrasonic stimulation had an effect on the further biosynthesis of astaxanthin, genes related to astaxanthin synthesis and cellular ROS level were measured. As a result, it was confirmed that astaxanthin biosynthesis related genes and cellular ROS levels were increased, and thus ultrasonic stimulation acts as an oxidative stimulus. These results support the notion on the effect of the ultrasonic treatment, and we believe our novel approach based on the ultrasonic treatment would help to enhance the astaxanthin production from H. pluvialis.
Topics: Reactive Oxygen Species; Ultrasonics; Chlorophyceae; Xanthophylls
PubMed: 37310559
DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00053-5 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Feb 2011The oxygenated β-carotene derivative astaxanthin exhibits outstanding colouring, antioxidative and health-promoting properties and is mainly found in the marine... (Review)
Review
The oxygenated β-carotene derivative astaxanthin exhibits outstanding colouring, antioxidative and health-promoting properties and is mainly found in the marine environment. To satisfy the growing demand for this ketocarotenoid in the feed, food and cosmetics industries, there are strong efforts to develop economically viable bioprocesses alternative to the current chemical synthesis. However, up to now, natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis, Phaffia rhodozyma or Paracoccus carotinifaciens has not been cost competitive with chemically synthesized astaxanthin, thus only serving niche applications. This review illuminates recent advances made in elucidating astaxanthin biosynthesis in P. rhodozyma. It intensely focuses on strategies to increase astaxanthin titers in the heterobasidiomycetous yeast by genetic engineering of the astaxanthin pathway, random mutagenesis and optimization of fermentation processes. This review emphasizes the potential of P. rhodozyma for the biotechnological production of astaxanthin in comparison to other natural sources such as the microalga H. pluvialis, other fungi and transgenic plants and to chemical synthesis.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Biotechnology; Fermentation; Genetic Engineering; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Mutagenesis; Xanthophylls
PubMed: 21046372
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2976-6 -
Journal of Natural Products Mar 2006Astaxanthin (1), a red-orange carotenoid pigment, is a powerful biological antioxidant that occurs naturally in a wide variety of living organisms. The potent... (Review)
Review
Astaxanthin (1), a red-orange carotenoid pigment, is a powerful biological antioxidant that occurs naturally in a wide variety of living organisms. The potent antioxidant property of 1 has been implicated in its various biological activities demonstrated in both experimental animals and clinical studies. Compound 1 has considerable potential and promising applications in human health and nutrition. In this review, the recent scientific literature (from 2002 to 2005) is covered on the most significant activities of 1, including its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, its effects on cancer, diabetes, the immune system, and ocular health, and other related aspects. We also discuss the green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis, the richest source of natural 1, and its utilization in the promotion of human health, including the antihypertensive and neuroprotective potentials of 1, emphasizing our experimental data on the effects of dietary astaxanthin on blood pressure, stroke, and vascular dementia in animal models, is described.
Topics: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Antioxidants; Disease Models, Animal; Health; Humans; Molecular Structure; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Xanthophylls
PubMed: 16562856
DOI: 10.1021/np050354+ -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2021Paracoccus carotinifaciens is an aerobic Gram-negative bacterium that exhibits motility by a peritrichous flagellum. It produces a carotenoid mixture containing...
Paracoccus carotinifaciens is an aerobic Gram-negative bacterium that exhibits motility by a peritrichous flagellum. It produces a carotenoid mixture containing astaxanthin as the main component. Selective breeding of P. carotinifaciens has been performed using classical techniques for mutation induction, such as chemical treatment and ultraviolet irradiation, and not using genetic engineering technology. The commercial production of astaxanthin with P. carotinifaciens has been established by optimizing fermentation medium and conditions in the process. Dehydrated P. carotinifaciens is used as a coloring agent for farmed fish and egg yolks. Compared with the administration of chemically synthesized astaxanthin, dehydrated P. carotinifaciens imparts more natural coloration, which is favored by consumers. In addition, astaxanthin-rich carotenoid extracts (ARE) derived from P. carotinifaciens are developed for human nutrition. Animal and clinical studies with ARE for evaluating its efficacy have been conducted and suggested that ARE would be useful for preventing anxiety, stomach ulcer, and retinal damage, as well as improving cognitive function. The efficacy is anticipated to result from not only astaxanthin but also other carotenoids in ARE, such as adonirubin and adonixanthin, in some studies. Hence, astaxanthin commercially produced with P. carotinifaciens has been applied widely in animals and humans.
Topics: Animals; Anxiety; Humans; Paracoccus; Xanthophylls
PubMed: 33783727
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_2 -
ACS Synthetic Biology Aug 2022As a high-valued antioxidant, astaxanthin biosynthesis using microbial cell factories has attracted increasing attention. However, its lipophilic nature conflicts with...
As a high-valued antioxidant, astaxanthin biosynthesis using microbial cell factories has attracted increasing attention. However, its lipophilic nature conflicts with the limited storage capacity for lipophilic substances of model microorganisms such as . Expansion of lipid droplets by enhancing lipid synthesis provides more storage room while diverting the metabolic flux from the target pathway. Therefore, proper spatial regulation is required. In this study, a library of genes related to lipid metabolism were screened using the trifunctional CRISPR system, identifying and as new engineering targets to promote astaxanthin synthesis by moderately rather than excessively upregulating lipid synthesis. The astaxanthin yield reached 9.79 mg/g DCW after lipid engineering and was further improved to 10.21 mg/g DCW by balancing the expression of β-carotene hydroxylase and ketolase. Finally, by combining spatial regulation through lipid droplet engineering and temporal regulation via temperature-responsive pathway expression, 446.4 mg/L astaxanthin was produced in fed-batch fermentation.
Topics: Lipids; Metabolic Engineering; Oxygenases; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Xanthophylls
PubMed: 35914247
DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00044 -
Bioresource Technology Jan 2016Recently, biofuels and nutraceuticals produced from microalgae have emerged as major interests, resulting in intensive research of the microalgal biorefinery process. In... (Review)
Review
Recently, biofuels and nutraceuticals produced from microalgae have emerged as major interests, resulting in intensive research of the microalgal biorefinery process. In this paper, recent developments in cell-wall disruption and extraction methods are reviewed, focusing on lipid and astaxanthin production from the biotechnologically important microalgae Chlorella and Haematococcus, respectively. As a common, critical bottleneck for recovery of intracellular components such as lipid and astaxanthin from these microalgae, the composition and structure of rigid, thick cell-walls were analyzed. Various chemical, physical, physico-chemical, and biological methods applied for cell-wall breakage and lipid/astaxanthin extraction from Chlorella and Haematococcus are discussed in detail and compared based on efficiency, energy consumption, type and dosage of solvent, biomass concentration and status (wet/dried), toxicity, scalability, and synergistic combinations. This report could serve as a useful guide to the implementation of practical downstream processes for recovery of valuable products from microalgae including Chlorella and Haematococcus.
Topics: Biotechnology; Cell Wall; Chlorella; Lamiaceae; Lipids; Microalgae; Xanthophylls
PubMed: 26342788
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.107 -
Photosynthesis Research Nov 2010Under stressful environments, many green algae such as Haematococcus pluvialis accumulate secondary ketocarotenoids such as canthaxanthin and astaxanthin. The... (Review)
Review
Under stressful environments, many green algae such as Haematococcus pluvialis accumulate secondary ketocarotenoids such as canthaxanthin and astaxanthin. The carotenogenesis, responsible for natural phenomena such as red snows, generally accompanies larger metabolic changes as well as morphological modifications, i.e., the conversion of the green flagellated macrozoids into large red cysts. Astaxanthin accumulation constitutes a convenient way to store energy and carbon, which will be used for further synthesis under less stressful conditions. Besides this, the presence of high amount of astaxanthin enhances the cell resistance to oxidative stress generated by unfavorable environmental conditions including excess light, UV-B irradiation, and nutrition stress and, therefore, confers a higher survival capacity to the cells. This better resistance results from the quenching of oxygen atoms for the synthesis itself as well as from the antioxidant properties of the astaxanthin molecules. Therefore, astaxanthin synthesis corresponds to a multifunctional response to stress. In this contribution, the various biochemical, genetic, and molecular data related to the biosynthesis of ketocarotenoids by Haematococcus pluvialis and other taxa are reviewed and compared. A tentative regulatory model of the biochemical network driving astaxanthin production is proposed.
Topics: Biosynthetic Pathways; Carotenoids; Chlorophyta; Eukaryota; Plastids; Stress, Physiological; Xanthophylls
PubMed: 20706789
DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9583-3 -
Food Chemistry Mar 2023As an oxycarotenoid with strong antioxidant properties, astaxanthin can considerably boost pigmentation and improve the nutritional value of eggs. The purpose of this...
As an oxycarotenoid with strong antioxidant properties, astaxanthin can considerably boost pigmentation and improve the nutritional value of eggs. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the comparative effects of different chemical structures of astaxanthin including free astaxanthin, monoester-enriched astaxanthin and diester-enriched astaxanthin on the nutritional enhancement of eggs within 20 days. The results showed that supplementation of free astaxanthin to laying hens was more effective in accumulating astaxanthin in egg yolks than supplementation with esterified astaxanthin. The retention rate of free astaxanthin was approximately 12.0 % at the plateau phase in egg yolk, while that of monoester-enriched and diester-enriched astaxanthin were 4.0 % and 2.5 %, respectively. Free astaxanthin possessed a high retention rate and pigmentation effect compared with esterified astaxanthin, which might provide a basis for astaxanthin enhancement in eggs and potential application in nutritional functional foods.
Topics: Animals; Female; Egg Yolk; Chickens; Animal Feed; Diet; Eggs
PubMed: 36371831
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134872