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The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Sep 2014Leg ulcers affect up to one percent of people at some time in their life. Leg ulceration is chronic in nature and ulcers may be present for months or even years without... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Leg ulcers affect up to one percent of people at some time in their life. Leg ulceration is chronic in nature and ulcers may be present for months or even years without healing. After healing there is a high risk of recurrence. Treatments include wound dressings alongside the treatment of underlying medical problems such as poor blood supply, infection and poor nutrition.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effectiveness of oral zinc in healing arterial or venous leg ulcers.
SEARCH METHODS
For this seventh update we searched The Cochrane Wounds Group Specialised Register (searched 02 September 2014) and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2014, Issue 8). In the original version of the review a company manufacturing zinc sulphate tablets was asked for references to relevant trials.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials comparing oral zinc sulphate with placebo or no treatment in people with arterial or venous leg ulcers were eligible for inclusion. There were no restrictions on date or language of publication. The main outcome measure used was complete healing of the ulcers. Trials were eligible for inclusion if they measured ulcer healing objectively by documenting time to complete healing, proportion of ulcers healed during the study, or healing rates of ulcers.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
All data extraction and assessment of trial quality was done by both authors independently.
MAIN RESULTS
Six small trials (183 participants) were eligible for inclusion. Four trials considered people with venous ulcers, one trial involved people with arterial ulcers and one people with mixed aetiology ulcers. Serum zinc was measured in four trials and four trials compared oral zinc sulphate with placebo in people with venous ulcers; pooling these trials indicated no statistically significant difference between the two groups for healing (RR 1.22, 95%CI 0.88 to 1.68). Overall, there is no evidence that oral zinc increases the healing of arterial or venous leg ulcers.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Oral zinc sulphate does not appear to aid the healing of arterial and venous leg ulcers, however all included studies were small and at unclear risk of bias (due to poor reporting).
Topics: Administration, Oral; Astringents; Humans; Leg Ulcer; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Wound Healing; Zinc; Zinc Sulfate
PubMed: 25202988
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001273.pub3 -
The British Journal of Surgery Mar 1991Primary hyperhidrosis, although lacking a precise definition and of unknown aetiology, disrupts professional and social life and may lead to emotional problems. A... (Review)
Review
Primary hyperhidrosis, although lacking a precise definition and of unknown aetiology, disrupts professional and social life and may lead to emotional problems. A variety of treatment methods are used to control or reduce the profuse sweating which involves mainly the palms, soles and axillae. The simplest method, the application of topical agents, is usually attempted first for axillary and plantar sweating. Iontophoresis may provide relief especially in patients with plantar or palmar involvement. In severe cases operative intervention is necessary. Excision of sweat glands is successful in patients with axillary hyperhidrosis but the role of suction-assisted removal of axillary sweat glands remains to be determined. Sympathectomy remains the standard by which other treatments must be judged. For upper thoracic sympathectomy a variety of surgical approaches are used with satisfactory relief of hyperhidrosis. Complications related to the surgical approach, such as Horner's syndrome, brachial plexus injuries, pneumothorax and painful scars may occur, while following sympathectomy compensatory hyperhidrosis is usual and hyperhidrosis may recur. Plantar hyperhidrosis which may be exacerbated or ameliorated by upper thoracic sympathectomy and which fails to respond to non-operative intervention is relieved by lumbar sympathectomy.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Aluminum; Aluminum Chloride; Aluminum Compounds; Astringents; Chlorides; Humans; Hyperhidrosis; Iontophoresis; Lipectomy; Psychotherapy; Sweat Glands; Sympathectomy
PubMed: 2021839
DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800780306 -
Annual Review of Food Science and... Jun 2024Ensuring the supply of affordable, palatable, healthy, and sustainable nutrients to feed the growing population without transgressing the planetary boundaries remains a... (Review)
Review
Ensuring the supply of affordable, palatable, healthy, and sustainable nutrients to feed the growing population without transgressing the planetary boundaries remains a key challenge in the food science community. A dietary transition toward low-emission, plant-based foods, with less reliance on animal agriculture, is advocated for sustainability, health, and ethical reasons. A major hurdle for mainstream adoption of plant-based foods is their poor sensorial performance, such as nonjuicy and astringent textures as well as various off-flavors. This review presents the current understanding of astringency and oral friction of plant-based foods. It focuses on plant proteins and their application in plant-based meat and dairy analogs. In addition, the latest advances in the quantitative characterization of astringency using tribology, electrochemistry, and cellular tools are covered. Finally, we examine factors influencing astringency and propose easy-to-implement colloidal strategies that may mitigate astringency issues, thereby underpinning the design of the next generation of sustainable and pleasurable plant-based foods.
Topics: Humans; Plant Proteins; Taste; Astringents
PubMed: 38316152
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-072023-034510 -
Journal of Nutritional Science and... Oct 2008Chestnut astringent skin (CAS) extract inhibited pancreatic alpha-amylase and intestinal alpha-glucosidase in a concentration-dependent manner with the 50% inhibition...
Chestnut astringent skin (CAS) extract inhibited pancreatic alpha-amylase and intestinal alpha-glucosidase in a concentration-dependent manner with the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) for amylase, maltase and sucrase being 7.5, 650 and 390 microg/mL, respectively. We have investigated the effect of CAS extract on carbohydrate absorption in normal rats. Oral administration of CAS extract to rats fed cornstarch (2 g/kg body weight) significantly suppressed the increase of blood glucose levels and the area under the curve (AUC). Administration of CAS extract to rats fed maltose or sucrose delayed the increase of blood glucose level and slightly suppressed AUC, but not significantly. Administration of CAS extract to rats fed glucose did not affect the increase in blood glucose level or AUC. Similar results were observed with type-2 diabetic model rats (GK/jcl). To test the effect of CAS extract on diabetes, type 2 diabetic model mice (db/db mice) were fed a standard laboratory diet containing 1 or 2% CAS extract. CAS extract prevented increases in body weight and fasting blood glucose concentration. These data suggest that CAS extract has an anti-diabetic function in type 2 diabetic mice that mainly functions through inhibition of alpha-amylase.
Topics: Animals; Area Under Curve; Astringents; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Carbohydrates; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fagaceae; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred NOD; Nuts; Plant Epidermis; Plant Extracts; Rats; Sucrase; alpha-Amylases
PubMed: 19001775
DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.54.416 -
Dermatology Online Journal Jul 2007A 13-year-old girl presented with a history of red scaly plaques involving the chest, arms and legs beginning in infancy. Punch biopsy revealed psoriasiform hyperplasia...
A 13-year-old girl presented with a history of red scaly plaques involving the chest, arms and legs beginning in infancy. Punch biopsy revealed psoriasiform hyperplasia and pallor of the epidermis. The patient's serum zinc level was 36 mug/dl [nl. 66-144 mug/dl]. A diagnosis of acrodermatitis enteropathica was established and the patient responded well to zinc replacement therapy. Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in SLC39A4, which encodes the tissue-specific zinc transporter ZIP4.
Topics: Acrodermatitis; Adolescent; Astringents; Biopsy; Cation Transport Proteins; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Mutation; Skin; Zinc; Zinc Sulfate
PubMed: 18328205
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023Despite the many advantages of pulses, they are characterised by off-flavours that limit their consumption. Off-notes, bitterness and astringency contribute to negative... (Review)
Review
Despite the many advantages of pulses, they are characterised by off-flavours that limit their consumption. Off-notes, bitterness and astringency contribute to negative perceptions of pulses. Several hypotheses have assumed that non-volatile compounds, including saponins, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids, are responsible for pulse bitterness and astringency. This review aims to provide an overview highlighting the non-volatile compounds identified in pulses and their bitter and/or astringent characteristics to suggest their potential involvement in pulse off-flavours. Sensorial analyses are mainly used to describe the bitterness and astringency of molecules. However, in vitro cellular assays have shown the activation of bitter taste receptors by many phenolic compounds, suggesting their potential involvement in pulse bitterness. A better knowledge of the non-volatile compounds involved in the off-flavours should enable the creation of efficient strategies to limit their impact on overall perception and increase consumer acceptability.
Topics: Taste; Astringents; Flavoring Agents; Phenols
PubMed: 37110532
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083298 -
Contact Dermatitis Dec 1997
Topics: Adult; Alum Compounds; Aluminum; Aluminum Chloride; Aluminum Compounds; Astringents; Chlorides; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Face; Humans; Male; Patch Tests
PubMed: 9455645
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb02479.x -
Journal of the American Academy of... Apr 2001Aquagenic palmoplantar keratoderma is an acquired condition characterized by burning and edema limited to the hands after brief immersion in water. The 3 patients...
Aquagenic palmoplantar keratoderma is an acquired condition characterized by burning and edema limited to the hands after brief immersion in water. The 3 patients described possess a striking similarity to those with transient reactive papulotranslucent acrokeratoderma. All 3 patients manifested the "hand-in-the-bucket" sign, having presented to a physician with a hand immersed in a bucket of water to more promptly demonstrate the physical findings. Aluminum chloride hexahydrate represents a potentially valuable therapeutic option for this unusual condition.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aluminum Chloride; Aluminum Compounds; Astringents; Child; Chlorides; Female; Humans; Keratoderma, Palmoplantar; Water
PubMed: 11260552
DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2001.113479 -
Acta Psychologica Oct 1993The psychophysical, chemical and physiological bases of the oral sensation of astringency are discussed in an effort to clarify the nature of this enigmatic sensation.... (Review)
Review
The psychophysical, chemical and physiological bases of the oral sensation of astringency are discussed in an effort to clarify the nature of this enigmatic sensation. It is argued that, despite recent data from animal studies that suggest it is a taste sensation mediated by the chorda tympani nerve, astringency arises primarily from increases in friction between mucosal surfaces. Evidence is discussed that supports the view that oral astringency results primarily from the precipitation of salivary mucoproteins, which impairs the natural lubrication of oral surfaces. The ensuing rise in friction induces sensations of dryness and roughness which, although subtle at first, can grow in magnitude over repeated exposures. These changes in the surface texture of the mouth are an important component of the 'flavor' of common foods and beverages such as fruits, nuts, teas and coffee.
Topics: Astringents; Food Preferences; Humans; Mouth; Salivation; Sensory Receptor Cells; Taste; Touch
PubMed: 8237452
DOI: 10.1016/0001-6918(93)90078-6 -
Journal of Evidence-based Complementary... Oct 2017Many of scientific evidences suggest that regular consumption of fruits and vegetables can prevent chronic diseases. In Northern Thailand, there are many vegetables that...
Health Promotion Potential of Vegetables Cultivated in Northern Thailand: A Preliminary Screening of Tannin and Flavonoid Contents, 5α-Reductase Inhibition, Astringent Activity, and Antioxidant Activities.
Many of scientific evidences suggest that regular consumption of fruits and vegetables can prevent chronic diseases. In Northern Thailand, there are many vegetables that are usually consumed by local people. In this study, 17 local vegetables were selected and extracted with 95% ethanol. The extracts were screened for 5α-reductase inhibitory activity, total tannin and flavonoid contents, astringent and antioxidant activities. The results showed that Spondias pinnata and Ocimum americanum had the highest tannin and flavonoid content, respectively. Neptunia oleracea was the most potent 5α-reductase inhibitor. For antioxidant activities, S pinnata was the most potent ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical scavenger and the most potent ferric reducer. Polygonatum odoratum was the most potent hydrogen peroxide scavenger and Leucaena leucocephala was the most potent DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenger among the tested samples. This suggests that local vegetables in Northern Thailand have a health promotion potential, which can be further developed as nutritional supplements, preventive medicines, and topical products for cosmetic purposes.
Topics: 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors; Animals; Antioxidants; Astringents; Flavonoids; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tannins; Thailand; Vegetables
PubMed: 29228787
DOI: 10.1177/2156587216686689