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General Dentistry 1999After reading this article, the reader should be able to describe techniques for the control of saliva during dental procedures; discuss the problems associated with... (Review)
Review
After reading this article, the reader should be able to describe techniques for the control of saliva during dental procedures; discuss the problems associated with saliva contamination of an operative field; explain the clinical benefits, dosing guidelines, and contraindications for using atropine sulfate to temporarily reduce saliva flow during dental procedures.
Topics: Atropine; Dental Care; Humans; Muscarinic Antagonists; Salivation
PubMed: 10321153
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Research Notes Nov 2022As low-dose atropine eye-drops for myopia progression control prepared in-house by diluting the commercial 0.1% atropine eye-drop with sterile water or normal saline has...
OBJECTIVE
As low-dose atropine eye-drops for myopia progression control prepared in-house by diluting the commercial 0.1% atropine eye-drop with sterile water or normal saline has been a common practice whereas atropine injection is readily available and could be a more feasible alternative, this study aimed to assess the properties of the in-house low-dose atropine eye-drops prepared by diluting the atropine injection in two solvents and tested in two temperature conditions.
RESULTS
The 0.01% atropine eye-drops contains no bacteria, fungi, or particulate matter. The levels of atropine sulfate on all samples were comparable to the freshly prepared samples at the 12th week, regardless of the solvents used or storage conditions. The low-dose atropine eye-drops prepared from readily available atropine sulfate injection at healthcare facilities could be an alternative to commercial products.
Topics: Humans; Atropine; Ophthalmic Solutions; Saline Solution; Mydriatics; Lubricants; Myopia; Hospitals; Solvents
PubMed: 36335388
DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06240-8 -
Journal of Biomaterials Applications May 2023Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is one of the prime reasons for vision impairment worldwide. Atropine in topical ophthalmic solutions (e.g., 0.01% atropine...
Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is one of the prime reasons for vision impairment worldwide. Atropine in topical ophthalmic solutions (e.g., 0.01% atropine sulfate eye drops) is the primary medical treatment for controlling myopia, especially for pseudomyopia or true myopia in rapid progress. However, aqueous atropine solution is unstable and easily breaks down to tropic acid, which will result in vision blur. Drug-eluting contact lenses (CLs) have been explored as a potentially superior alternative to effectively control the drug release and improve the drug efficacy. In this work, an atropine-eluting contact lens was developed by encapsulating an atropine implant in a silicon-based contact lens, towards functioning in vision correction and controlling myopia. The safety and effectiveness of this atropine-eluting contact lens were verified with rabbit and guinea pig models. The results showed that the lenses reduced the side effects like mydriasis and no other adverse events were observed in rabbit eyes. More importantly, atropine-loaded lenses could effectively delay the progress of form-deprivation myopia with guinea pig eyes as the model. Thus, we concluded that atropine-eluting CLs prepared by implantation technology may be an option for the treatment of myopia.
Topics: Animals; Guinea Pigs; Rabbits; Atropine; Silicones; Myopia; Contact Lenses; Ophthalmic Solutions
PubMed: 37083186
DOI: 10.1177/08853282231166858 -
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology... Feb 2021Nerve agent exposure is generally treated by an antidote formulation composed of a muscarinic antagonist, atropine sulfate (ATR), and a reactivator of...
Nerve agent exposure is generally treated by an antidote formulation composed of a muscarinic antagonist, atropine sulfate (ATR), and a reactivator of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) such as pralidoxime, obidoxime (OBI), methoxime, trimedoxime or HI-6 and an anticonvulsant. Organophosphates (OPs) irreversibly inhibit AChE, the enzyme responsible for termination of acetylcholine signal transduction. Inhibition of AChE leads to overstimulation of the central and peripheral nervous system with convulsive seizures, respiratory distress and death as result. The present study evaluated the efficacy and pharmacokinetics (PK) of ATR/OBI following exposure to two different VX dose levels. The PK of ATR and OBI administered either as a single drug, combined treatment but separately injected, or administered as the ATR/OBI co-formulation, was determined in plasma of naïve guinea pigs and found to be similar for all formulations. Following subcutaneous VX exposure, ATR/OBI-treated animals showed significant improvement in survival rate and progression of clinical signs compared to untreated animals. Moreover, AChE activity after VX exposure in both blood and brain tissue was significantly higher in ATR/OBI-treated animals compared to vehicle-treated control. In conclusion, ATR/OBI has been proven to be efficacious against exposure to VX and there were no PK interactions between ATR and OBI when administered as a co-formulation.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Atropine; Brain; Chemical Warfare Agents; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterase Reactivators; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Combinations; Guinea Pigs; Male; Muscarinic Antagonists; Obidoxime Chloride; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33212192
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104823 -
BMC Veterinary Research Apr 2021Topical ophthalmic atropine sulfate is an important part of the treatment protocol in equine uveitis. Frequent administration of topical atropine may cause decreased...
BACKGROUND
Topical ophthalmic atropine sulfate is an important part of the treatment protocol in equine uveitis. Frequent administration of topical atropine may cause decreased intestinal motility and colic in horses due to systemic exposure. Atropine pharmacokinetics are unknown in horses and this knowledge gap could impede the use of atropine because of the presumed risk of unwanted effects. Additional information could therefore increase safety in atropine treatment.
RESULTS
Atropine sulfate (1 mg) was administered in two experiments: In part I, atropine sulfate was administered intravenously and topically (manually as eye drops and through a subpalpebral lavage system) to six horses to document atropine disposition. Blood-samples were collected regularly and plasma was analyzed for atropine using UHPLC-MS/MS. Atropine plasma concentration was below lower limit of quantification (0.05 μg/L) within five hours, after both topical and IV administration. Atropine data were analyzed by means of population compartmental modeling and pharmacokinetic parameters estimated. The typical value was 1.7 L/kg for the steady-state volume of distribution. Total plasma clearance was 1.9 L/h‧kg. The bioavailability after administration of an ophthalmic preparation as an eye drop or topical infusion were 69 and 68%, respectively. The terminal half-life was short (0.8 h). In part II, topical ophthalmic atropine sulfate and control treatment was administered to four horses in two dosing regimens to assess the effect on gastro-intestinal motility. Borborygmi-frequency monitored by auscultation was used for estimation of gut motility. A statistically significant decrease in intestinal motility was observed after administration of 1 mg topical ophthalmic atropine sulfate every three hours compared to control, but not after administration every six hours. Clinical signs of colic were not observed under any of the treatment protocols.
CONCLUSIONS
Taking the plasma exposure after topical administration into consideration, data and simulations indicate that eye drops administrated at a one and three hour interval will lead to atropine accumulation in plasma over 24 h but that a six hour interval allows total washout of atropine between two topical administrations. If constant corneal and conjunctival atropine exposure is required, a topical constant rate infusion at 5 μg/kg/24 h offers a safe alternative.
Topics: Animals; Atropine; Biological Availability; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility; Half-Life; Horses; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Ophthalmic Solutions; Parasympatholytics
PubMed: 33827566
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02847-4 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Jun 2019Objective The updated guidelines of 2015 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) do not recommend the routine use of atropine for cardiopulmonary arrest. Methods The... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Objective The updated guidelines of 2015 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) do not recommend the routine use of atropine for cardiopulmonary arrest. Methods The study population included out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients with non-shockable rhythm who were encountered at a Japanese community hospital between October 1, 2012 and April 30, 2017. Results At the outcome, the epinephrine with atropine and epinephrine-only groups had a similar survival rate to that at hospital admission (28.7% vs. 26.7%: p=0.723). The odds ratio (OR) for the survival to hospital admission after the administration of atropine with epinephrine was 1.33 (95% CI 1.09-1.62; p<0.01), while that after the administration of epinephrine was 0.64 (95% CI: 0.55-0.74, p<0.01). The ORs for the survival to hospital admission for patients with pulseless electrical activity in the epinephrine-alone group and the atropine with epinephrine group were 0.62 (95% CI 0.49-0.78; p<0.01) and 1.35 (95% CI 0.99-1.83; p=0.06), respectively, and those for such patients with asystole in the epinephrine-alone group and the atropine with epinephrine group were 0.64 (95% CI 0.53-0.76; p<0.01) and 1.39 (95% CI 1.10-1.77; p<0.01), respectively. The OR for the survival to hospital admission after the administration of atropine sulfate (1 mg) was 2.91 (95% CI 1.49-5.67; p<0.01), while that for the survival to hospital admission after the administration of 0, 2 and ≥3 mg atropine sulfate was 0.38 (95% CI 0.29-0.50; p<0.01), 1.54 (95% CI 0.58-4.08; p=0.38) and 0.23 (95% CI 0.09-0.60; p<0.01), respectively. Conclusion The addition of atropine (within 2 mg) following epinephrine was a comprehensive independent predictor of the survival to hospital admission for non-shockable (especially asystole) OHCA adults.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Atropine; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Emergency Medical Services; Epinephrine; Female; Hospitals, Community; Humans; Male; Odds Ratio; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Survival Rate
PubMed: 30799340
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1932-18 -
Military Medicine Feb 1982
Review
Topics: Atropine; Cognition; Humans; Physical Exertion; Pralidoxime Compounds; Vision, Ocular
PubMed: 6806696
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology Dec 2006Axillary hyperhidrosis does not have a low-cost, free of secondary effects, satisfactory treatment. Eccrine hidrocystomas have been successfully treated with topical... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
BACKGROUND
Axillary hyperhidrosis does not have a low-cost, free of secondary effects, satisfactory treatment. Eccrine hidrocystomas have been successfully treated with topical atropine solution. Hypothesis Axillary hyperhidrosis could respond to the topical application of atropine solution.
METHODS
Ten patients were selected. Eight with mild pure primary axillary hyperhidrosis and two with compensatory sweating after sympathectomy. One milliliter of a water solution of atropine sulfate at 1% was applied twice a day over the affected area and massaged for 30 s. Treatment was maintained for 15 days. The results were rated using a scale from 1 to 10 of satisfaction.
RESULTS
Only 2 of the 10 treated patients responded partially to the topical application of atropine sulfate. No local or systemic secondary effects were observed.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of the study demonstrated that focal hyperhidrosis does not improve after the local application of anticholinergic drugs such as atropine sulfate.
Topics: Abdomen; Administration, Cutaneous; Atropine; Axilla; Female; Humans; Hyperhidrosis; Male; Muscarinic Antagonists; Patient Satisfaction; Treatment Failure
PubMed: 17716247
DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2006.00273.x -
Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior Mar 1987The effects of atropine sulfate pretreatment on pituitary indices of stress response were examined. Pituitary cyclic AMP and plasma prolactin increases following 15 min...
The effects of atropine sulfate pretreatment on pituitary indices of stress response were examined. Pituitary cyclic AMP and plasma prolactin increases following 15 min of acute stress were used as measures of stress response. Over a range of doses (0, 5, 10, 30 and 60 mg/kg), pretreatment with atropine sulfate increased the measured stress responses to footshock but had little or no effect on resting or non-stressed levels of the substances measured. The effects of atropine on response to immobilization were tested only at 5 mg/kg. At this dose, atropine sulfate, but not methylatropine nitrate, increased pituitary cyclic AMP response to immobilization stress demonstrating that the potentiation of the pituitary cyclic AMP stress response was not limited to footshock stress and suggesting that this effect of atropine was central rather than peripheral. Neither atropine nor methylatropine pretreatment at this dose potentiated prolactin response to immobilization stress.
Topics: Animals; Atropine; Atropine Derivatives; Cyclic AMP; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electroshock; Male; Pituitary Gland; Prolactin; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reaction Time; Restraint, Physical; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 3033704
DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(87)90175-4 -
Chemico-biological Interactions Dec 2018The efficacy and pharmacokinetics of the aqueous co-formulation contents of the Trobigard™ (atropine sulfate, obidoxime chloride) auto-injector were evaluated in a...
The efficacy and pharmacokinetics of the aqueous co-formulation contents of the Trobigard™ (atropine sulfate, obidoxime chloride) auto-injector were evaluated in a sarin exposed guinea pig model. Two subcutaneous (sc) sarin challenge doses were evaluated in guinea pigs instrumented with brain and heart electrodes for electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG). Sarin challenge doses were chosen to reflect exposure subclasses with sublethal (moderate to severe clinical signs) and lethal consequences. The level of protection of intramuscular human equivalent doses of the co-formulation was defined by (1) the mitigation of signs and symptoms at a sublethal level and (2) the increase of survival time at the supralethal sarin dose levels. Pharmacokinetics of both atropine sulfate and obidoxime were proportional at 1 and 3 human equivalent doses, and only a small increase in heart rate was observed briefly as a side effect. At both sarin challenge doses, 54 μg/kg and 84 μg/kg, the co-formulation treatment was effective against sarin-induced effects. Survival rates were improved at both sarin challenge levels, whereas clinical signs and changes in EEG activity could not in all cases be effectively mitigated, in particular at the supralethal sarin challenge dose level. Reactivation of sarin inhibited cholinesterase was observed in blood, and higher brain cholinesterase activity levels were associated with a better clinical condition of the co-formulation treated animals. Although the results cannot be directly extrapolated to the human situation, pharmacokinetics and the effects over time related to plasma levels of therapeutics in a freely moving guinea pig could aid translational models and possibly improve prediction of efficacy in humans.
Topics: Animals; Atropine; Cholinesterase Reactivators; Cholinesterases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Compounding; Electroencephalography; Guinea Pigs; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Obidoxime Chloride; Sarin; Structure-Activity Relationship; Survival Rate
PubMed: 30217478
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.09.004