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The Journal of Applied Laboratory... Jan 2022The distinction between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is extremely important for the choice of therapy, body weight and dietary management, screening...
BACKGROUND
The distinction between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is extremely important for the choice of therapy, body weight and dietary management, screening for coexistent autoimmune diseases and comorbidities, anticipated prognosis, and risk assessment in relatives. Not uncommonly, the presentation of the patient may not allow an unambiguous discrimination between T1D and T2D. To help resolve this challenge, the detection of islet autoantibodies can support the diagnosis of T1D.
CONTENT
The presence of islet autoantibodies in a person with diabetes indicates an autoimmune etiology therefore establishing the diagnosis of T1D. Presently 5 islet autoantibodies are available for routine clinical use: islet cell cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ICA), insulin autoantibodies (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA), insulinoma associated-2 autoantibodies (IA-2A), and zinc transporter-8 autoantibodies (ZnT8A). There are caveats to the selection of which islet autoantibodies should be measured. Islet autoantibodies can also predict the development of T1D. Therefore, once safe and effective therapies are available to prevent T1D, islet autoantibody testing is expected to become a routine part of medical practice. A very rare cause of autoimmune diabetes is the type B insulin resistance syndrome resulting from antagonistic autoantibodies to the insulin receptor. Rarely hypoglycemia can result from agonistic insulin receptor autoantibodies, or high-titer IAA causing the autoimmune insulin syndrome (i.e., Hirata disease).
SUMMARY
In summary, autoimmune causes of dysglycemia are increasing in clinical importance requiring the scrutiny of laboratorians. The determination of islet autoantibodies can greatly aid in the diagnosis and the prediction of T1D.
Topics: Autoantibodies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Humans; Islets of Langerhans; Zinc Transporter 8
PubMed: 34996067
DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfab113 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2019Protein profiling enabled through affinity proteomics represents a powerful strategy for analysis of complex samples such as human body fluids. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)...
Protein profiling enabled through affinity proteomics represents a powerful strategy for analysis of complex samples such as human body fluids. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the proximal fluid of the central nervous system and is commonly analyzed in the context of neurological diseases. Through the presence of brain-derived proteins, this fluid can offer insight into the physiological state of the brain. Here, we describe multiplex and flexible protein and autoantibody profiling approaches using suspension bead arrays. Through minimal sample processing, these methods enable high-throughput analysis of hundreds of samples and proteins in one single assay and thereby provide powerful approaches for discovery of disease-associated proteins and autoantigens.
Topics: Autoantibodies; Autoantigens; Brain; Humans; Protein Array Analysis; Proteome; Proteomics; Workflow
PubMed: 31432421
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9706-0_19 -
Clinica Chimica Acta; International... Aug 2015Autoantibodies or antibodies against self-antigens are produced either during physiological processes to maintain homeostasis or pathological process such as trauma and...
BACKGROUND
Autoantibodies or antibodies against self-antigens are produced either during physiological processes to maintain homeostasis or pathological process such as trauma and infection. Infection with parasites including Plasmodium has been shown to generally induce elevated self-antibody (autoantibody) levels. Plasmodium knowlesi is increasingly recognized as one of the most important emerging human malaria in Southeast Asia that can cause severe infection leading to mortality. Autoimmune-like phenomena have been hypothesized to play a role in the protective immune responses in malaria infection.
METHODS
We studied the autoantibody profile from serum of eleven patients diagnosed with P. knowlesi. Autoantigen arrays were used to elucidate the autoantibody repertoire of P. knowlesi infected patients. The patented OGT Discovery Array with 1636 correctly folded antigen was employed.
RESULTS
Analysis of the patient versus control sera gave us 24 antigens with high reactivity with serum antibodies.
CONCLUSIONS
Understanding the autoantibody profile of malarious patients infected with P. knowlesi would help to further understand the host-parasite interaction, host immune response and disease pathogenesis. These reactive antigens may serve as potential biomarkers for cases of asymptomatic malaria and mild malaria or predictive markers for severe malaria.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Autoantibodies; Autoantigens; Female; Humans; Malaria; Male; Middle Aged; Plasmodium knowlesi; Young Adult
PubMed: 26086445
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.06.006 -
Immunology Today Jul 1994
Topics: Animals; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 8086102
DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90083-3 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Mar 1980Sera from patients with scleroderma contained several autoantibodies to nuclear antigens which were distinguished by different patterns of nuclear immunofluorescence...
Sera from patients with scleroderma contained several autoantibodies to nuclear antigens which were distinguished by different patterns of nuclear immunofluorescence staining. One of these autoantibodies reacted with centromeric regions of chromosomes. In chromosome spreads, the staining appeared as two small spheres at the centromere, resembling kinetochores. The antigenic determinant appeared to be a protein or polypeptide tightly bound to DNA. The autoantibody was reactive with centromeres of cells derived from humans, mice, and Chinese hamsters. The autoantibody was present in high frequency in the calcinosis/Raynaud's phenomenon/esophageal dysmotility/sclerodactyly/telangiectasia variant (CREST) of scleroderma.
Topics: Antibodies, Antinuclear; Autoantibodies; Centromere; Chromosomes; Female; Humans; Male; Nucleoproteins; Scleroderma, Systemic
PubMed: 6966403
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.3.1627 -
The British Journal of Dermatology Apr 2019Myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) are associated with unique clinical subsets in polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM). Autoantibodies against transcriptional...
Autoantibody to transcriptional intermediary factor-1β as a myositis-specific antibody: clinical correlation with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis or dermatomyositis with mild myopathy.
BACKGROUND
Myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) are associated with unique clinical subsets in polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM). Autoantibodies against transcriptional intermediary factor (TIF)-1γ and TIF-1α are known to be MSAs. Previously, we reported that TIF-1β is also targeted in patients with DM with or without concomitant anti-TIF-1α/γ antibodies.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the clinical features of seven cases with anti-TIF-1β antibodies alone.
METHODS
Serum autoantibody profiles were determined, and protein and RNA immunoprecipitation studies were conducted. Western blotting was performed to confirm autoantibody reactivity against TIF-1β.
RESULTS
Anti-TIF-1β antibody was identified by immunoprecipitation assay in 24 cases. Among them, seven patients were positive for anti-TIF-1β antibody alone. Six of the seven patients were classified as having DM. Among the six cases of DM, two patients had no muscle weakness and normal creatine kinase (CK) levels, and were classified as having clinically amyopathic DM. Four patients had muscle weakness, but three of them had normal serum CK levels that responded well to systemic steroids. Characteristic features of DM included skin rashes, such as Gottron sign, periungual erythema, punctate haemorrhage on the perionychium and facial erythema including heliotrope, which were observed in 86%, 57%, 86% and 71% of our cases, respectively. One of the seven patients had appendiceal cancer. None of the patients had interstitial lung disease.
CONCLUSIONS
Seven patients were confirmed to have anti-TIF-1β antibody without any other MSAs, including TIF-1α/γ antibodies, and six of them were diagnosed with DM. We suggest that anti-TIF-1β antibody is an MSA, and that it is associated with clinically amyopathic DM or DM with mild myopathy.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Autoantibodies; Dermatomyositis; Female; Humans; Immunoprecipitation; Male; Middle Aged; Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 28; Young Adult
PubMed: 30120913
DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17098 -
Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban =... Dec 2020To detect the serum level of a novel autoantibody, anti-tubulin-α-1C, in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and to investigate its clinical significance.
OBJECTIVE
To detect the serum level of a novel autoantibody, anti-tubulin-α-1C, in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and to investigate its clinical significance.
METHODS
Anti-tubulin-α-1C antibody levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 62 patients with SSc, 38 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 24 primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients, and 30 healthy controls (HCs). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), immunoglobulin A(IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G (IgG), C3, C4, rheumatoid factor (RF), antinuclear antibody(ANA), anti-centromere antibodies(ACA), anticardiolipin (aCL), anti-dsDNA antibody, anti-Sm antibody, anti-RNP antibody, anti-Scl-70 antibody, anti-Ro52 antibody, anti-SSA antibody, anti-SSB antibody, centromere protein A(CENP-A), centromere protein B (CENP-B) were measured by standard laboratory techniques. Raynaud's phenomenon and modified Rodnan skin score(MRSS) were recorded to evaluate the disease status of SSc. Independent sample test, Chi square test, Mann-Whitney test, Spearman rank correlation were used for statistical analyses.
RESULTS
The serum anti-tubulin-α-1C antibody concentration in SSc group was 81.24±34.38, the serum anti-tubulin-α-1C antibody concentration in SLE group was 87.84±38.52, the serum anti-tubulin-α-1C antibody concentration in pSS group was 59.79±25.24, and the serum anti-tubulin-α-1C antibody concentration in healthy group was 39.37±18.7. Multivariate analysis revealed that anti-tubulin-α-1C antibody levels were significantly increased in the SSc and SLE patients. The expression level of anti-tubulin-α-1C antibody in SSc was higher compared with the pSS group and the health control group ( < 0.01). Further analysis demonstrated that the elevated anti-tubulin-α-1C antibody were correlated with the SSc inflammation and disease activity markers ESR(=0.313, =0.019), The levels of anti-tubulin-α-1C antibody were also significantly correlated with MRSS(=0.636, < 0.01). The best cut-off value for the diagnose of SSc was 76.77 as mean+2SD value. The proportion of Raynaud's phenomenon was higher in the group of anti-tubulin-α-1C autoantibody-postive SSc patients than that in anti-tubulin-α-1C autoantibody negative group(71.4% . 37.5%, =0.039). The proportions of anti-Scl-70 antibody, anti-CENP antibody and anti-cardiolipin antibody were higher in the group of anti-tubulin-α-1C autoantibody-postive SSc patients than in the anti-tubulin-α-1C autoantibody negative group (37.9% . 15.2%, 34.5% . 12.1%, 13.8 . 0, respectively, all < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Based on this explorative stu-dy, the level of anti-tubulin-α-1C antibody increased in the serum of the patients with SSc. There were correlations between anti-tubulin-α-1C autoantibody and clinical and laboratory indicators of the SSc patients. It may become a novel biomarker indicative of active SSc and could be applied in future clinical practice.
Topics: Antibodies, Antinuclear; Autoantibodies; Humans; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Scleroderma, Systemic; Sjogren's Syndrome
PubMed: 33331306
DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2020.06.004 -
Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2017
Topics: Autoantibodies; Humans; Immunoassay; Myositis
PubMed: 27749219
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019Skin autoimmune conditions belong to a larger group of connective tissue diseases and primarily affect the skin, but might also involve underlying tissues, such as fat... (Review)
Review
Skin autoimmune conditions belong to a larger group of connective tissue diseases and primarily affect the skin, but might also involve underlying tissues, such as fat tissue, muscle, and bone. Autoimmune antibodies (autoantibodies) play a role in autoimmune skin diseases, such as localized scleroderma also termed morphea, and systemic scleroderma, also called systemic sclerosis (SSc). The detailed studies on the biological role of autoantibodies in autoimmune skin diseases are limited. This results in a few available tools for effective diagnosis and management of autoimmune skin diseases. This review aims to provide an update on the detection and most recent research on autoantibodies in morphea. Several recent studies have indicated the association of autoantibody profiles with disease subtypes, damage extent, and relapse potential, opening up exciting new possibilities for personalized disease management. We discuss the role of existing autoantibody tests in morphea management and the most recent studies on morphea pathogenesis. We also provide an update on novel autoantibody biomarkers for the diagnosis and study of morphea.
Topics: Autoantibodies; Biomarkers; Humans; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Scleroderma, Localized; Skin
PubMed: 31354701
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01487 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) May 2024Autoimmune conditions underlie some cases of psychosis. Scientists are expanding their search for patients, who often benefit from treatment.
Autoimmune conditions underlie some cases of psychosis. Scientists are expanding their search for patients, who often benefit from treatment.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Brain; Psychotic Disorders; Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System; Autoantibodies
PubMed: 38753793
DOI: 10.1126/science.adq4311