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The Psychiatric Clinics of North America Sep 2014Whether some instances of obsessive-compulsive disorder are secondary to infectious and/or autoimmune processes is still under scientific debate. The nosology has... (Review)
Review
Whether some instances of obsessive-compulsive disorder are secondary to infectious and/or autoimmune processes is still under scientific debate. The nosology has undergone an iterative process of criteria and acronyms from PITANDS to PANDAS to PANS (or CANS for neurology). This review focuses on the clinical presentation, assessment, proposed pathophysiology, and treatment of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus (PANDAS), and the newest iteration, pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS). Children who have these symptoms, which have become known as PANS, have been described by their parents as "changed children."
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Plasma Exchange; Risk Factors; Streptococcal Infections; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 25150567
DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.001 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Nov 2006Celiac disease (CD) is a common autoimmune disorder, induced by the intake of gluten proteins present in wheat, barley and rye. Contrary to common belief, this disorder... (Review)
Review
Celiac disease (CD) is a common autoimmune disorder, induced by the intake of gluten proteins present in wheat, barley and rye. Contrary to common belief, this disorder is a protean systemic disease, rather than merely a pure digestive alteration. CD is closely associated with genes that code HLA-II antigens, mainly of DQ2 and DQ8 classes. Previously, it was considered to be a rare childhood disorder, but is actually considered a frequent condition, present at any age, which may have multiple complications. Tissue transglutaminase-2 (tTG), appears to be an important component of this disease, both, in its pathogenesis and diagnosis. Active CD is characterized by intestinal and/or extra-intestinal symptoms, villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia, and strongly positive tTG auto-antibodies. The duodenal biopsy is considered to be the "gold standard" for diagnosis, but its practice has significant limitations in its interpretation, especially in adults. Occasionally, it results in a false-negative because of patchy mucosal changes and the presence of mucosal villous atrophy is often more severe in the proximal jejunum, usually not reached by endoscopic biopsies. CD is associated with increased rates of several diseases, such as iron deficiency anemia, osteoporosis, dermatitis herpetiformis, several neurologic and endocrine diseases, persistent chronic hypertransami-nasemia of unknown origin, various types of cancer and other autoimmune disorders. Treatment of CD dictates a strict, life-long gluten-free diet, which results in remission for most individuals, although its effect on some associated extraintestinal manifestations remains to be established.
Topics: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Autoimmune Diseases; Celiac Disease; Dermatitis Herpetiformis; Endocrine System Diseases; Glutens; Humans; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Nervous System Diseases; Osteoporosis; Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2
PubMed: 17075969
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i41.6585 -
The Journal of Investigative... Jan 2018Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by T lymphocytic infiltrates around the bulbar region of hair follicles. Statins have surfaced as potential... (Review)
Review
Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by T lymphocytic infiltrates around the bulbar region of hair follicles. Statins have surfaced as potential therapeutic agents for AA, partly because of their modulation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Some data indicate that statins are a possible option for acute, but not chronic, longstanding AA. Animal studies suggest that treatment with statins increases CD4/CD25/Foxp3 populations in AA-affected mice.
Topics: Alopecia Areata; Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Cytokines; Ezetimibe, Simvastatin Drug Combination; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Mice; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 29273101
DOI: 10.1016/j.jisp.2017.10.013 -
Current Protein & Peptide Science 2023Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. The symptoms can... (Review)
Review
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. The symptoms can vary from muscle weakness to vision loss. In the case of MS, the immune system attacks the myelin sheath, which protects the nerve fiber and causes inflammation resulting in demyelination. The myelin sheath has the composition of various proteins including membrane proteins and glycoproteins. The four main proteins namely Myelin Basic Protein (MBP), Myelin associated Oligodendrocyte Basic protein (MOBP), Myelin Proteolipid Protein (PLP) and Myelin Associated Glycoprotein (MAG) are known to be critical auto-antigens in causing demyelination in CNS leading to MS. Three out of these four proteins are intrinsically disordered proteins and in this review, we attempted to understand how these proteins play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of myelin, by exploring its structural and functional aspects and also their auto-antigenicity leading to multiple sclerosis.
Topics: Humans; Multiple Sclerosis; Myelin Proteins; Central Nervous System; Autoimmune Diseases; Spinal Cord; Antigens
PubMed: 37461348
DOI: 10.2174/1389203724666230717124101 -
Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Nov 2023Autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis that is the most prevalent rheumatic autoimmune disorder, affect autologous connective tissues caused by the... (Review)
Review
Autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis that is the most prevalent rheumatic autoimmune disorder, affect autologous connective tissues caused by the breakdown of the self-tolerance mechanisms of the immune system. During the last two decades, cell-based therapy, including stem cells and none-stem cells has been increasingly considered as a therapeutic option in various diseases. This is partly due to the unique properties of stem cells that divide and differentiate from the specialized cells in the damaged tissue. Moreover, stem cells and none-stem cells, impose immunomodulatory properties affecting the diseases caused by immunological abnormalities such as rheumatic autoimmune disorders. In the present review, the efficacy of cell-based therapy with four main types of stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and human amniotic membrane cells, as well as none-stem cells, including regulatory T cells, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and tolerogenic dendritic cells will be evaluated. Moreover, other related issues, including safety, changes in immunological parameters, suitable choice of stem cell and none-stem cell origin, conditioning regimen, limitations, and complications will be discussed.
Topics: Humans; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Autoimmune Diseases; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Immune Tolerance; Immunomodulation
PubMed: 38018576
DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1091 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2016There are a number of autoimmune disorders which can affect visual function. There are a very large number of mechanisms in the visual pathway which could potentially be... (Review)
Review
There are a number of autoimmune disorders which can affect visual function. There are a very large number of mechanisms in the visual pathway which could potentially be the targets of autoimmune attack. In practice it is the retina and the anterior visual pathway (optic nerve and chiasm) that are recognised as being affected in autoimmune disorders. Multiple Sclerosis is one of the commonest causes of visual loss in young adults because of the frequency of attacks of optic neuritis in that condition, however the basis of the inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis and the confirmation of autoimmunity is lacking. The immune process is known to be highly unusual in that it is not systemic and confined to the CNS compartment. Previously an enigmatic partner to Multiple Sclerosis, Neuromyelitis Optica is now established to be autoimmune and two antibodies - to Aquaporin4 and to Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein - have been implicated in the pathogenesis. The term Chronic Relapsing Inflammatory Optic Neuropathy is applied to those cases of optic neuritis which require long term immunosuppression and hence are presumed to be autoimmune but where no autoimmune pathogenesis has been confirmed. Optic neuritis occurring post-infection and post vaccination and conditions such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and various vasculitides may cause direct autoimmune attack to visual structures or indirect damage through occlusive vasculopathy. Chronic granulomatous disorders such as Sarcoidosis affect vision commonly by a variety of mechanisms, whether and how these are placed in the autoimmune panoply is unknown. As far as the retina is concerned Cancer Associated Retinopathy and Melanoma Associated Retinopathy are well characterised clinically but a candidate autoantibody (recoverin) is only described in the former disorder. Other, usually monophasic, focal retinal inflammatory disorders (Idiopathic Big Blind Spot Syndrome, Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy and Acute Macular Neuroretinitis) are of obscure pathogenesis but an autoimmune disorder of the post-infectious type is plausible. Visual loss in autoimmunity is an expanding field: the most significant advances in research have resulted from taking a well characterised phenotype and making educated guesses at the possible molecular targets of autoimmune attack.
Topics: Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Humans; Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 27112687
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63432-0.00020-7 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2019Cutaneous melanoma represents the most aggressive form of skin cancer, whereas vitiligo is an autoimmune disorder that leads to progressive destruction of skin... (Review)
Review
Cutaneous melanoma represents the most aggressive form of skin cancer, whereas vitiligo is an autoimmune disorder that leads to progressive destruction of skin melanocytes. However, vitiligo has been associated with cutaneous melanoma since the 1970s. Most of the antigens recognized by the immune system are expressed by both melanoma cells and normal melanocytes, explaining why the autoimmune response against melanocytes that led to vitiligo could be also present in melanoma patients. Leukoderma has been also observed as a side effect of melanoma immunotherapy and has always been associated with a favorable prognosis. In this review, we discuss several characteristics of the immune system responses shared by melanoma and vitiligo patients, as well as the significance of occurrence of leukoderma during immunotherapy, with special attention to check-point inhibitors.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Humans; Immunotherapy; Melanoma; Prognosis; Vitiligo
PubMed: 31731645
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225731 -
Iranian Journal of Immunology : IJI May 2023Individuals with Selective Immunoglobulin-A Deficiency (SIgAD) are often asymptomatic, and symptomatic SIgAD patients often have autoimmune comorbidities. A 48-year-old... (Review)
Review
Individuals with Selective Immunoglobulin-A Deficiency (SIgAD) are often asymptomatic, and symptomatic SIgAD patients often have autoimmune comorbidities. A 48-year-old Han Chinese man presented with abdominal discomfort, hematochezia, and a large tumor in the anogenital region. The primary diagnosis of SIgAD was based on the patient's age, serum IgA concentration (0.067 g/L), and the evidence of chronic respiratory infection. No other immunoglobulin deficiency or evidence of immunosuppression was present. The primary diagnosis of giant condyloma acuminatum was based on human papilloma virus-6-positive laboratory results and histological characteristics. The tumor and adjacent skin lesions were resected. Hemoglobin concentration fell to 5.50 g/dL, and an emergency erythrocyte transfusion was performed. The body temperature increased to 39.8 ÂșC, suggesting a transfusion reaction, and 5 mg dexamethasone was administered intravenously. Hemoglobin concentration stabilized at 10.5 g/dL. The clinical signs and laboratory results indicated autoimmune hemolytic anemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Abdominal discomfort and hematochezia subsided. Though uncommon, the manifestation of multiple autoimmune comorbidities can occur in SIgAD patients. Further research is needed regarding the causes of SIgAD and the autoimmune disorders that often occur as comorbidities.
Topics: Male; Humans; Middle Aged; IgA Deficiency; Autoimmune Diseases; Immunoglobulins; Hemoglobins
PubMed: 37158141
DOI: 10.22034/iji.2023.97452.2513 -
American Journal of Obstetrics and... Sep 1984Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura is the most common autoimmune disorder encountered in the pregnant patient. It is potentially fatal for the mother and fetus yet... (Review)
Review
Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura is the most common autoimmune disorder encountered in the pregnant patient. It is potentially fatal for the mother and fetus yet treatable and potentially curable. Analysis of current perinatal literature reveals not only a great deal of interest and activity in the study of this syndrome and its special problems during pregnancy but also significant controversy. The disease can be acute or chronic and vary in time of onset and severity of manifestations. If not forewarned with an awareness of this disorder's pathogenesis and potential fetal effects particularly in the pregnant woman who has undergone splenectomy, the obstetrician cannot respond appropriately. The usefulness of platelet antibody determinations to facilitate obstetric management decisions is discussed. The importance of cooperative care among the obstetrician, hematologist, and neonatologist is emphasized. Recommendations for management of autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy are derived from a review of current concepts of the disorder's pathogenesis, pathophysiology, criteria for diagnosis, and modes of therapy as well as special maternal/fetal considerations of antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum care.
Topics: Acute Disease; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Blood Platelets; Blood Transfusion; Chronic Disease; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Immunosuppressive Agents; Plasmapheresis; Platelet Transfusion; Postpartum Period; Prednisone; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic; Splenectomy
PubMed: 6383046
DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(84)80115-5 -
La Tunisie Medicale Mar 2011Autoimmune pancreatitis represents a recently described subset of chronic pancreatitis. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Autoimmune pancreatitis represents a recently described subset of chronic pancreatitis.
AIM
To determine etiopathogenic features as well as histologic, morphologic, clinical and therapeutic characteristics of autoimmune pancreatitis.
METHODS
The study was based on a review of all relevant studies published in the literature on autoimmune pancreatitis before august 2008.
RESULTS
Autoimmune pancreatitis is now considered as the pancreatic manifestation of a systemic disorder that affects various organs, including the bile duct, retroperitoneum, kidney, and parotid and lachrymal glands. A dense lymphoplasmocytic infiltration with IgG4 positive plasma cells and fibrosis are the histological common feature of this systemic disease. Autoimmune pancreatitis is a rare disease that occurs predominantly in elderly men. Its diagnosis is sometimes difficult and can mimic pancreatic cancer whereas its lesions respond so readily to steroids. Thus, diagnostic criteria where developed so that to provide a secure basis for diagnosis and avoid abusive pancreatic resections.
CONCLUSION
Since its individualization, interest in autoimmune pancreatitis has grown and many clinical aspects have been clarified.
Topics: Algorithms; Autoimmune Diseases; Humans; Pancreatitis
PubMed: 21387223
DOI: No ID Found