-
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jan 2016Basic surgical instrumentation for avian soft tissue surgery includes soft tissue retractors, microsurgical instrumentation, surgical loupes, and head-mounted lights.... (Review)
Review
Basic surgical instrumentation for avian soft tissue surgery includes soft tissue retractors, microsurgical instrumentation, surgical loupes, and head-mounted lights. Hemostasis is fundamental during the surgical procedures. The indications, approach, and complications associated with soft tissue surgeries of the integumentary (digit constriction repair, feather cyst excision, cranial wound repair, sternal wound repair, uropygial gland excision), gastrointestinal (ingluviotomy, crop biopsy, crop burn repair, celiotomy, coelomic hernia and pseudohernia repair, proventriculotomy, ventriculotomy, enterotomy, intestinal resection and anastomosis, cloacoplasty, cloacopexy), respiratory (rhinolith removal, sinusotomy, tracheotomy, tracheal resection and anastomosis, tracheostomy, pneumonectomy) and reproductive (ovocentesis, ovariectomy, salpingohysterectomy, cesarean section, orchidectomy, vasectomy, phallectomy) systems are reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Crop, Avian; Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; Feathers; Gastrointestinal Tract; Genitalia; Microsurgery; Preoperative Care; Proventriculus; Radiosurgery; Respiratory System; Skull; Sternum; Sutures; Wound Healing
PubMed: 26611927
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2015.08.009 -
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde Dec 2009
Topics: Animals; Clinical Competence; Crop, Avian; Enteral Nutrition; Fatal Outcome; Netherlands; Parrots; Veterinarians
PubMed: 20069978
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Journal of Clinical... Nov 1974
Review
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Cell Adhesion; Chickens; Crop, Avian; Diet; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Lactobacillus; Lactobacillus acidophilus; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Symbiosis
PubMed: 4217100
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/27.11.1305 -
Poultry Science May 1975The mucosal surface of the chicken crop was examined with the scanning electron microscope. The proximal region in relation to the esophagus differed markedly from the...
The mucosal surface of the chicken crop was examined with the scanning electron microscope. The proximal region in relation to the esophagus differed markedly from the distal region. The region nearest the esophagus showed a slightly folded surface with a very dense surface bacterial population while the region located in the apical region of the diverticulum was smoother with numerous sloughing cells and a sparse bacterial population. A potential for significant microbiological fermentation and digestion of feed in the crop is indicated.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Chickens; Crop, Avian; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
PubMed: 1153371
DOI: 10.3382/ps.0540703 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Sep 2011The crop is characteristic of seed-eating birds today, yet little is known about its early history despite remarkable discoveries of many Mesozoic seed-eating birds in...
The crop is characteristic of seed-eating birds today, yet little is known about its early history despite remarkable discoveries of many Mesozoic seed-eating birds in the past decade. Here we report the discovery of some early fossil evidence for the presence of a crop in birds. Two Early Cretaceous birds, the basal ornithurine Hongshanornis and a basal avian Sapeornis, demonstrate that an essentially modern avian digestive system formed early in avian evolution. The discovery of a crop in two phylogenetically remote lineages of Early Cretaceous birds and its absence in most intervening forms indicates that it was independently acquired as a specialized seed-eating adaptation. Finally, the reduction or loss of teeth in the forms showing seed-filled crops suggests that granivory was possibly one of the factors that resulted in the reduction of teeth in early birds.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Biological Evolution; Birds; Bone and Bones; China; Crop, Avian; Diet; Fossils; Seeds; Species Specificity
PubMed: 21896733
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112694108 -
Domestic Animal Endocrinology Jul 2018l-tryptophan (l-Trp), an essential amino acid, is well known as a precursor of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and melatonin. In mammals, l-Trp itself has been reported to...
l-tryptophan (l-Trp), an essential amino acid, is well known as a precursor of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and melatonin. In mammals, l-Trp itself has been reported to suppress gastric emptying in mammals. In addition, 5-HT and melatonin are found in the gastrointestinal tract and affect food passage from the digestive tract in mammals. While the function of these factors in mammals is documented, there is little knowledge on their function in the digestive tract of birds. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine if l-Trp and its metabolites affect the crop emptying rate in chicks (Gallus gallus). We also investigated the effects of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and quinolinic acid (QA), which are metabolites of the kynurenine pathway for l-Trp. Oral administration of l-Trp significantly reduced the crop emptying rate in chicks. Among the metabolites, intraperitoneal injection of 5-HT and melatonin significantly reduced the crop emptying rate, whereas KYNA and QA had no effect. The present study suggests that l-Trp, 5-HT, and melatonin inhibit the movement of food in the digestive tract and thereby affect the utilization of nutrients in the diet of chicks.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Alanine; Animals; Asparagine; Chickens; Crop, Avian; Gastrointestinal Motility; Glycine; Kynurenic Acid; Male; Quinolinic Acid; Tryptophan
PubMed: 29753195
DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.03.001 -
Comparative Biochemistry and... Nov 2021Zymosan, a component of yeast cell walls, reduces feed passage through the digestive tract in chicks (Gallus gallus), although the mechanism mediating this effect is...
Zymosan, a component of yeast cell walls, reduces feed passage through the digestive tract in chicks (Gallus gallus), although the mechanism mediating this effect is poorly understood. Nitric oxide (NO) is associated with a variety of biological actions including effects on the immune system. In addition, it has been suggested that NO is involved in relaxation of the digestive tract and affects feed passage in mammals. It is therefore possible that NO might be related to zymosan-induced reduction of feed passage in chicks. However, the role of NO on the effect of zymosan feed passage has not been clarified yet. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether NO is associated with zymosan-induced alteration of feed passage in chicks. Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of zymosan significantly increased plasma nitrate and nitrite (NOx) concentrations at 6 h after injection. Zymosan-induced elevation of plasma NOx concentration was abolished by co-injection of S-methylisothiourea (SMT), a selective inhibitor for inducible NO synthase (iNOS), indicating that zymosan facilitated the induction of iNOS. Furthermore, because zymosan increased iNOS mRNA expression in the digestive tract, NO is likely associated with the effect of zymosan on the digestive tract. IP injection of NO donors significantly decreased crop emptying rate, suggesting that NO functions as an inhibitor of crop emptying. This result implied that zymosan stimulates NO production by the induction of iNOS in the digestive tract and thereby inhibits crop emptying rate. However, the co-injection of SMT did not attenuate the inhibitory effect of zymosan on crop emptying. The present study provides evidence that some changes in the digestive tract caused by zymosan are mediated by iNOS-induced NO in chicks, but NO does not mediate the effect of zymosan on feed passage through the crop.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Crop, Avian; Digestion; Gastrointestinal Motility; Gastrointestinal Tract; Male; Nitric Oxide; Zymosan
PubMed: 34419574
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111057 -
Domestic Animal Endocrinology Jan 2019Infectious conditions are associated with reduced food passage through the digestive tract in both mammals and chicks; however, the precise mechanism mediating this...
Infectious conditions are associated with reduced food passage through the digestive tract in both mammals and chicks; however, the precise mechanism mediating this response in chicks remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to determine if mast cells, a blood cell type which plays an important role in the immune system, might affect food passage through the digestive tract in chicks. Specifically, we performed intraperitoneal (IP) injections of compound 48/80, an inducer of mast cell degranulation, and measured crop emptying. The IP injection of compound 48/80 significantly reduced the crop-emptying rate, but it did not affect the proventriculus to small intestine transit rate or the number of defecations. We also found that IP-injected histamine, which is secreted by mast cells, also reduced the crop-emptying rate. In addition, IP injection of 2-pyridylethylamine (histamine H1 receptor agonist), but not dimaprit, (R)-(-)-α-methylhistamine, and VUF8430 (histamine H2, H3, and H4 receptor agonists, respectively), reduced the crop-emptying rate, implying that histamine reduces the crop emptying rate via the histamine H1 receptor. Finally, we found that IP injection of compound 48/80 reduced mRNA expression of histidine decarboxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme for histamine synthesis, in the esophagus and proventriculus at 1 h and the proventriculus and duodenum at 3 h after the injection. In sum, the present study suggests that the degranulation of mast cells causes a reduction in the crop-emptying rate, possibly via the histamine pathway in chicks.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Crop, Avian; Digestion; Gene Expression; Histamine; Histidine Decarboxylase; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Mast Cells; p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine
PubMed: 30472035
DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.10.001 -
British Poultry Science Dec 2016The experiment was conducted to study whether insulin receptor substance 1 (IRS1) / Protein kinase B (Akt)/target of the rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway activation...
The experiment was conducted to study whether insulin receptor substance 1 (IRS1) / Protein kinase B (Akt)/target of the rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway activation stimulates crop milk protein synthesis in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia). Crop milk was collected from ten 1-d-old squabs and analysed for nutrient content. During the non-breeding period and the first day of lactation, blood samples were collected from 5 pairs of breeding pigeons and the levels of prolactin and insulin were determined. Crop samples were collected from 5 pairs of breeders at d 14 and 16 of the incubation period and d 1, 3 and 7 of the lactation period. Crop samples were evaluated for changes in crop weight and thickness and changes in the expression patterns of IRS1/Akt/TOR signalling pathway-related proteins. The results demonstrated that prolactin induces a gradual increase in the relative weight and thickness of the crop, with crops reaching a maximum size at the third day of lactation. Pigeon crop milk contains 64.1% crude protein and 29.7% crude fat based on dry weight. Serum prolactin and insulin levels in the lactation period were significantly higher than those in the non-breeding period. Compared with non-breeding pigeons, the expression of the phosphorylated IRS1 phosphorylated Akt, phosphorylated TOR, phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase, phosphorylated S6, phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E were significantly up-regulated in the crop of pigeons in the lactation period. In conclusion, prolactin might induce changes in crop tissue and form the physiological structure for crop milk synthesis. Furthermore, the synthesis of crop milk protein is regulated by activation of the IRS1/Akt/TOR signalling pathway.
Topics: Animals; Avian Proteins; Columbidae; Crop, Avian; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Male; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 27636164
DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1219694 -
Journal of Animal Science Sep 1979
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Amines; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bile Acids and Salts; Chickens; Crop, Avian; Escherichia coli; Fatty Acids; Germ-Free Life; Goiter; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Lactobacillus; Nitrogen; Swine
PubMed: 393689
DOI: 10.2527/jas1979.493857x