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Journal of Analytical Toxicology 1990Azinphos-ethyl concentrations in the blood, urine, and gastric lavage liquid from medical examiner cases are reported. In all cases, there was ingestion of the...
Azinphos-ethyl concentrations in the blood, urine, and gastric lavage liquid from medical examiner cases are reported. In all cases, there was ingestion of the organophosphate pesticide. They are presented under three categories of intoxication: less serious, more serious, and fatal intoxications. The results of this study indicate that it was not possible to determine the blood levels that show the correct degree of intoxication and of lethal dose. Fast methods are given for identification and quantification of azinphos-ethyl in human biological fluids.
Topics: Acute Disease; Azinphosmethyl; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Drug Stability; Female; Humans; Insecticides; Male; Predictive Value of Tests
PubMed: 2395348
DOI: 10.1093/jat/14.4.243 -
Journal of AOAC International 1995A novel procedure is described for simple removal of coextractives prior to analysis of fruits and vegetables for azinphos-methyl and azinphos-ethyl residues. The...
A novel procedure is described for simple removal of coextractives prior to analysis of fruits and vegetables for azinphos-methyl and azinphos-ethyl residues. The solvent extract is concentrated, placed in a polymeric membrane tube, and then dialyzed in cyclohexane. Both azinphos-methyl and azinphos-ethyl diffuse into the surrounding solvent while coextractants remain inside the membrane. The dialyzing solvent is exchanged during concentration with n-hexane and analyzed without further cleanup by gas-liquid chromatography with a specific thermionic detector. The detection limit for a 25 g grape sample with final volume of extract made to 15 mL was 0.01 mg/kg. Recoveries of both residues from grapes averaged 107% (spike levels of 0.3 to 2.0 mg/kg). From a 20 g spinach sample, recoveries averaged 82% for azinphos-methyl and 72% for azinphos-ethyl when final volume of extract was made to 5 mL (spike levels of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg). Recoveries from 20 types of fruits and vegetables (20 g sample spiked at 1 mg/kg for both azinphos-methyl and azinphos-ethyl) were consistently greater than 70%, except for strawberries (61-67%) and avocado (28-34%). The high lipid content of avocado may impede diffusion of azinphos-methyl and azinphos-ethyl through the polymeric membrane. A field evaluation of the procedure showed a strong correlation (r = 0.957) between azinphos-methyl residues on grapes and treatments with 2 spray formulations. The membrane cleanup procedure is a simple and cost-effective alternative to other column or liquid-liquid partitioning procedures for azinphos-methyl and azinphos-ethyl residue analysis.
Topics: Azinphosmethyl; Chromatography, Gas; Diffusion; Food Contamination; Fruit; Insecticides; Membranes, Artificial; Pesticide Residues; Solubility; Solvents; Vegetables
PubMed: 8664581
DOI: No ID Found -
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination... Jan 1970A simple gas liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determinations of azinphos methyl, the ethyl homolog, and the oxygen analog is described. The procedure can...
A simple gas liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determinations of azinphos methyl, the ethyl homolog, and the oxygen analog is described. The procedure can detect, quantitatively by gas chromatography, azinphos methyl and the ethyl homolog residues in milk at 0.038 ppm. The oxygen analog can be detected and quantitated at 0.06 ppm.
PubMed: 24185723
DOI: 10.1007/BF01545123 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Dec 2018A sensitive and fast ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure combined with ion mobility spectrometry has been developed for the...
Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by ion mobility spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of bendiocarb and azinphos-ethyl in water, soil, food and beverage samples.
A sensitive and fast ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure combined with ion mobility spectrometry has been developed for the simultaneous extraction and determination of bendiocarb and azinphos-ethyl. Experimental parameters affecting the analytical performance of the method were optimized: type and volume of extraction solvent (chloroform, 150 µL), pH (9.0), type and volume of buffer (ammonium buffer pH = 9.0, 4.5 mL) and extraction time (3.0 min). Under optimum conditions, the linearity was found to be in the range of 2-40 and 6-100 ng/mL and the limits of detection (LOD) were 1.04 and 1.31 ng/mL for bendiocarb and azinphos-ethyl, respectively. The method was successfully validated for the analysis of bendiocarb and azinphos-ethyl in different samples such as waters, soil, food and beverage samples.
Topics: Azinphosmethyl; Beverages; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Food; Food Analysis; Ion Mobility Spectrometry; Limit of Detection; Liquid Phase Microextraction; Phenylcarbamates; Soil; Solvents; Ultrasonics; Water
PubMed: 30218969
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.021 -
Journal - Association of Official... Sep 1976A new method for the determination of azinphos ethyl (O,O-diethyl-S-(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4H)-ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate) in human plasma and in mouse plasma,...
A new method for the determination of azinphos ethyl (O,O-diethyl-S-(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4H)-ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate) in human plasma and in mouse plasma, tissue, and fat has been developed. The method is based on extraction with benzene or hexane and cleanup of fat and tissue samples by a minicolumn containing Florisil and sodium sulfate. Azinphos ethyl is eluted from the column with 10% acetonitrile in benzene and is concentrated to an appropriate volume for gas-liquid chromatographic analysis, using a 63Ni electron capture detector and a glass column containing 3% OV-1 on Gas-Chrom Q. The method is sensitive to 0.005 ppm in human plasma, 0.01 ppm in mouse plasma, 0.08 ppm in mouse liver, 0.05 ppm in mouse brain, and 0.10 ppm in mouse fat. The limit of detection is 2 pg; mean recoveries ranged from 96 to 98%.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Azinphosmethyl; Brain Chemistry; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; Insecticides; Liver; Mice; Microchemistry
PubMed: 965333
DOI: No ID Found -
Nature Chemical Biology Jan 2024Plants sense abscisic acid (ABA) using chemical-induced dimerization (CID) modules, including the receptor PYR1 and HAB1, a phosphatase inhibited by ligand-activated...
Plants sense abscisic acid (ABA) using chemical-induced dimerization (CID) modules, including the receptor PYR1 and HAB1, a phosphatase inhibited by ligand-activated PYR1. This system is unique because of the relative ease with which ligand recognition can be reprogrammed. To expand the PYR1 system, we designed an orthogonal '*' module, which harbors a dimer interface salt bridge; X-ray crystallographic, biochemical and in vivo analyses confirm its orthogonality. We used this module to create PYR1*/HAB1* and PYR1*/HAB1*, which possess nanomolar sensitivities to their activating ligands mandipropamid and azinphos-ethyl. Experiments in Arabidopsis thaliana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrate the sensitive detection of banned organophosphate contaminants using living biosensors and the construction of multi-input/output genetic circuits. Our new modules enable ligand-programmable multi-channel CID systems for plant and eukaryotic synthetic biology that can empower new plant-based and microbe-based sensing modalities.
Topics: Abscisic Acid; Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Dimerization; Ligands; Membrane Transport Proteins
PubMed: 37872402
DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01447-7 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Mar 1999Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the insecticide azinphos-methyl have been optimized and characterized. Both ELISAs are based on monoclonal antibodies...
Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the insecticide azinphos-methyl have been optimized and characterized. Both ELISAs are based on monoclonal antibodies produced from an immunogen with a hapten containing a phthalimido moiety and on protein conjugates of heterologous ligands containing a 1,2,3-benzotriazine group. Assay I was performed in the conjugate-coated ELISA format and assay II in the antibody-coated format. Several physicochemical factors (ionic strength, pH, incubation times, and Tween 20 and BSA concentrations) that influence assay performance were studied and optimized. Regarding specificity, both monoclonal immunoassays highly cross-reacted with azinphos-ethyl and phosmet. Finally, both assays were applied to the analysis of azinphos-methyl in spiked real water samples. For assay I the sensitivity, estimated as the I(50) value, was 0.40 nM, with a practical working range between 0.10 and 1.75 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 0.05 ng/mL. For assay II the sensitivity was 1.01 nM, with a practical working range between 0.32 and 2.54 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 0.08 ng/mL.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azinphosmethyl; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Insecticides; Water
PubMed: 10552450
DOI: 10.1021/jf980868x -
The Science of the Total Environment Nov 2021The study aimed to assess the occurrence and the environmental risk of a group of 51 selected pesticides in the Guadiana Basin (a biodiversity hotspot, in the...
The study aimed to assess the occurrence and the environmental risk of a group of 51 selected pesticides in the Guadiana Basin (a biodiversity hotspot, in the Mediterranean). The most abundant pesticides were bentazone and 2,4-D, while terbuthylazine together with terbutryn constituted the most ubiquitous pesticides. Eighteen out of the 38 pesticides detected are no longer approved in Europe, and 5 of them are included in the list of priority substances. The risk assessment showed that azinphos ethyl, diflufenican, irganol, imidacloprid, and oxadiazon occurred occasionally, but always in concentrations above their respective ecotoxicological threshold value. Contrary, bentazone, terbuthylazine, and terbutryn presented a high risk in most of the sampled locations and periods. The site-specific risk assessment showed a spatial and temporal pattern, with a higher risk occurring mainly in intermittent streams, in the drought period. The presence of pesticides banned from the EU market since 2009 showed the importance of improving the monitoring process, to identify the main sources of pollution and the fate of these emerging compounds. The results showed the need of implementing actions to improve the sustainable use of pesticides in agricultural areas, working with farmers and management entities to reduce the contamination of aquatic ecosystems. Transboundary water governance is also required to solve potential transboundary contamination problems.
Topics: Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Pesticides; Portugal; Risk Assessment; Rivers; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 34214808
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148703 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Jan 2014The Júcar River, in a typical Mediterranean Basin, is expected to suffer a decline in water quality and quantity as a consequence of the climate change. This study is...
The Júcar River, in a typical Mediterranean Basin, is expected to suffer a decline in water quality and quantity as a consequence of the climate change. This study is focused on the presence and distribution of pesticides in water and fish, using the first extensive optimization and application of the QuEChERS method to determine pesticides in freshwater fish. Majority pesticides in water - in terms of presence and concentration - were dichlofenthion, chlorfenvinphos, imazalil, pyriproxyfen and prochloraz (associated with a frequent use in farming activities), as well as buprofezin, chlorpyriphos and hexythiazox. In fish, the main compounds were azinphos-ethyl, chlorpyriphos, diazinon, dimethoate and ethion. The analysis of bio-concentration in fish indicated differences by species. The maximum average concentration was detected in European eel (a critically endangered fish species). The wide presence of pesticides in water and fish suggests potential severe effects on fish populations and other biota in future scenarios of climate change, in a river basin with several endemic and endangered fish species. The potential effects of pesticides in combination with multiple stressors require further research to prioritize the management of specific chemicals and suggest effective restoration actions at the basin scale.
Topics: Animals; Chromatography, Liquid; Environmental Monitoring; Fishes; Pesticides; Rivers; Spain; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 24315814
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.016 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Feb 2016A simple, rapid, and sensitive method using ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) combined with sweeping micellar electrokinetic...
Sensitive Detection of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Medicinal Plants Using Ultrasound-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with Sweeping Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography.
A simple, rapid, and sensitive method using ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) combined with sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography (sweeping-MEKC) has been developed for the determination of nine organophosphorus pesticides (chlorfenvinphos, parathion, quinalphos, fenitrothion, azinphos-ethyl, parathion-methyl, fensulfothion, methidathion, and paraoxon). The important parameters that affect the UA-DLLME and sweeping efficiency were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method provided 779.0-6203.5-fold enrichment of the nine pesticides compared to the normal MEKC method. The limits of detection ranged from 0.002 to 0.008 mg kg(-1). The relative standard deviations of the peak area ranged from 1.2 to 6.5%, indicating the good repeatability of the method. Finally, the developed UA-DLLME-sweeping-MEKC method has been successfully applied to the analysis of the investigated pesticides in several medicinal plants, including Lycium chinense, Dioscorea opposite, Codonopsis pilosula, and Panax ginseng, indicating that this method is suitable for the determination of trace pesticide residues in real samples with complex matrices.
Topics: Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary; Limit of Detection; Liquid Phase Microextraction; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Plants, Medicinal; Ultrasonics
PubMed: 26758524
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05369