-
Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT Nov 2022One of many noteworthy consequences of increasing societal reliance on pesticides is their predominance in aquatic environments. These pernicious chemicals interact with...
Interactive effects of high temperature and pesticide exposure on oxidative status, apoptosis, and renin expression in kidney of goldfish: Molecular and cellular mechanisms of widespread kidney damage and renin attenuation.
One of many noteworthy consequences of increasing societal reliance on pesticides is their predominance in aquatic environments. These pernicious chemicals interact with high temperatures from global climate change, heat waves, and natural variations to create unstable environments that negatively impact organisms' health. To understand these conditions, we examined the dose-dependent effects of environmentally relevant pesticide mixtures (metolachlor, linuron, isoproturon, tebuconazole, aclonifen, atrazine, pendimethalin, and azinphos-methyl) combined with elevated temperatures (22 control vs. 32°C for 4-week exposure) on renin, dinitrophenyl protein (DNP, an indicator of reactive oxygen species, ROS), 3-nitrotyrosine protein (NTP, an indicator of reactive nitrogen species, RNS), superoxidase dismutase (SOD, an antioxidant), and catalase (CAT, an antioxidant) expressions in the kidneys of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Histopathological analysis showed widespread damage to kidney tissues in high temperature and pesticide co-exposure groups, including rupture of the epithelial layer, hemorrhaging, and degeneration of tubular epithelium. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated significant declines in renin receptor-like mRNA and protein expressions in kidney tissues under combined exposure to high temperature and pesticides compared with controls; conversely, expression of DNP, NTP, SOD, and CAT increased in kidney tissues under the same conditions. Apoptotic cells were also increased in co-exposure groups as assessed by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick labeling (TUNEL) assay. The enhanced apoptosis in kidneys of heat and pesticides co-exposed fish was associated with increased caspase-3 (a protease enzyme) mRNA levels. Our results demonstrated that high temperature and pesticides induced oxidative/nitrative stress (i.e., ROS/RNS), damaged tissues, increased cellular apoptosis, and suppressed renin expression in kidneys of goldfish.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Atrazine; Azinphosmethyl; Caspase 3; Catalase; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; Goldfish; Hot Temperature; Kidney; Linuron; Oxidative Stress; Pesticides; RNA, Messenger; Reactive Nitrogen Species; Reactive Oxygen Species; Renin; Superoxide Dismutase; Temperature
PubMed: 35698815
DOI: 10.1002/jat.4357 -
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination... Dec 1983
Comparative Study
Topics: Agricultural Workers' Diseases; Azinphosmethyl; Environmental Exposure; Face; Forearm; Fruit; Hand; Humans; Insecticides; Neck; Protective Clothing; Respiratory System; Skin; Time Factors
PubMed: 6661577
DOI: 10.1007/BF01606038 -
Marine Pollution Bulletin Jul 2023Micropollutants such as pesticides and the prediction of water quality in aquatic environments have been known as a serious risk to the environment and human health. The...
Micropollutants such as pesticides and the prediction of water quality in aquatic environments have been known as a serious risk to the environment and human health. The pollution level of six pesticides-three organochlorines (OCPs: aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin) and three organophosphates (OPPs: diazinon, malathion, and azinphosmethyl)- in water, sediment, and fish samples was examined in the Miankaleh wetland, Iran. Water quality, including dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, temperature, and physicochemical properties of sediments, was analyzed. Low concentrations of OCPs (0.70 ± 0.01 μg/L) and OPPs (1.31 ± 0.1 μg/L) were observed in water. In contrast, OCPs and OPPs were not detected in sediment and fish samples in the Miankaleh wetland. Low concentrations of OCPs and OPPs in water and no pesticide concentrations in sediment and fish samples indicate low contamination of the aquatic environment in Miankaleh. The results of this study could be used as an effective reference for policy makers in the field of water resource management.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Wetlands; Iran; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Environmental Monitoring; Pesticides; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Insecticides; Organophosphates; Geologic Sediments
PubMed: 37267870
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115097 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Aug 2022In this study, we examined the dose-dependent effects of an environmentally relevant pesticide cocktail (metalachlor, linuron, isoproturon, tebucanazole, aclonifen,...
Potential mechanisms of Na/K-ATPase attenuation by heat and pesticides co-exposure in goldfish: role of cellular apoptosis, oxidative/nitrative stress, and antioxidants in gills.
In this study, we examined the dose-dependent effects of an environmentally relevant pesticide cocktail (metalachlor, linuron, isoproturon, tebucanazole, aclonifen, atrazine, pendimethalin, and azinphos-methyl) and temperature change (22 vs. 32 °C for 4-week exposure) on Na/K-ATPase, 3-nitrotyrosine protein (NTP), dinitrophenyl protein (DNP), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) expressions in gills of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Histopathological analysis showed widespread damage to gill in elevated temperature (32 °C) and pesticide co-exposure groups, including fusion of secondary lamellae, club-shaped primary lamellae, rupture of epithelial layer, loss of normal architecture, and hemorrhaging. Immunohistochemical and qRT-PCR analyses showed significant decreases in Na/K-ATPase protein and mRNA expressions in gills exposed to higher temperature and pesticides; however, combined exposure to heat and pesticides significantly increases NTP, DNP, CAT, and SOD expressions. In situ TUNEL assay revealed elevated levels of apoptotic cells in response to combined exposure. Collectively, our results suggest the combined effects of heat and pesticide stress cause cellular damage, upregulate oxidative/nitrative stress biomarkers, and increase apoptotic cells, downregulate Na/K-ATPase expression in gills. This provides new evidence for oxidant/antioxidant-dependent mechanisms for downregulation of Na/K-ATPase expression in gills during combined exposure.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Gills; Goldfish; Hot Temperature; Oxidative Stress; Pesticides; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Superoxide Dismutase; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 35352221
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19779-7 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Dec 2002We analyzed organophosphorus pesticide exposure in 218 farm worker households in agricultural communities in Washington State to investigate the take-home pathway of...
We analyzed organophosphorus pesticide exposure in 218 farm worker households in agricultural communities in Washington State to investigate the take-home pathway of pesticide exposure and to establish baseline exposure levels for a community intervention project. House dust samples (n = 156) were collected from within the homes, and vehicle dust samples (n = 190) were collected from the vehicles used by the farm workers to commute to and from work. Urine samples were obtained from a farm worker (n = 213) and a young child (n = 211) in each household. Dust samples were analyzed for six pesticides, and urine samples were analyzed for five dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites. Azinphosmethyl was detected in higher concentrations (p < 0.0001) than the other pesticides: geometric mean concentrations of azinphosmethyl were 0.53 micro g/g in house dust and 0.75 micro g/g in vehicle dust. Dimethyl DAP metabolite concentrations were higher than diethyl DAP metabolite concentrations in both child and adult urine (p < 0.0001). Geometric mean dimethyl DAP concentrations were 0.13 micro mol/L in adult urine and 0.09 micro mol/L in child urine. Creatinine-adjusted geometric mean dimethyl DAP concentrations were 0.09 micro mol/g in adult urine and 0.14 micro mol/g in child urine. Azinphosmethyl concentrations in house dust and vehicle dust from the same household were significantly associated (r2 = 0.41, p < 0.0001). Dimethyl DAP levels in child and adult urine from the same household were also significantly associated (r2 = 0.18, p < 0.0001), and this association remained when the values were creatinine adjusted. The results of this work support the hypothesis that the take-home exposure pathway contributes to residential pesticide contamination in agricultural homes where young children are present.
Topics: Adult; Agriculture; Air Pollution, Indoor; Child; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Dust; Environmental Exposure; Family Health; Female; Housing; Humans; Insecticides; Male; Occupational Exposure; Organophosphorus Compounds; Parent-Child Relations; Risk Assessment; Washington
PubMed: 12460819
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.021100787 -
Journal of Analytical Toxicology 1990Azinphos-ethyl concentrations in the blood, urine, and gastric lavage liquid from medical examiner cases are reported. In all cases, there was ingestion of the...
Azinphos-ethyl concentrations in the blood, urine, and gastric lavage liquid from medical examiner cases are reported. In all cases, there was ingestion of the organophosphate pesticide. They are presented under three categories of intoxication: less serious, more serious, and fatal intoxications. The results of this study indicate that it was not possible to determine the blood levels that show the correct degree of intoxication and of lethal dose. Fast methods are given for identification and quantification of azinphos-ethyl in human biological fluids.
Topics: Acute Disease; Azinphosmethyl; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Drug Stability; Female; Humans; Insecticides; Male; Predictive Value of Tests
PubMed: 2395348
DOI: 10.1093/jat/14.4.243 -
Genes Feb 2023Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type R1 (LGMDR1; formerly LGMD2A), characterized by progressive hip and shoulder muscle weakness, is caused by mutations in . In...
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type R1 (LGMDR1; formerly LGMD2A), characterized by progressive hip and shoulder muscle weakness, is caused by mutations in . In zebrafish, mediates Def-dependent degradation of p53 in the liver and intestines. We show that is expressed in the muscle. To model LGMDR1 in zebrafish, we generated three deletion mutants in and a positive-control mutant (Duchenne muscular dystrophy). Two partial deletion mutants showed transcript-level reduction, whereas the RNA-less mutant lacked mRNA. All homozygous mutants were developmentally-normal adult-viable animals. Mutants in were homozygous-lethal. Bathing wild-type and mutants in 0.8% methylcellulose (MC) for 3 days beginning 2 days post-fertilization resulted in significantly pronounced (20-30%) birefringence-detectable muscle abnormalities in mutant embryos. Evans Blue staining for sarcolemma integrity loss was strongly positive in homozygotes, negative in wild-type embryos, and negative in MC-treated mutants, suggesting membrane instability is not a primary muscle pathology determinant. Increased birefringence-detected muscle abnormalities in mutants compared to wild-type animals were observed following induced hypertonia by exposure to cholinesterase inhibitor, azinphos-methyl, reinforcing the MC results. These mutant fish represent a novel tractable model for studying the mechanisms underlying muscle repair and remodeling, and as a preclinical tool for whole-animal therapeutics and behavioral screening in LGMDR1.
Topics: Animals; Zebrafish; Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
PubMed: 36833417
DOI: 10.3390/genes14020492 -
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental... Mar 2023The synergy between multiple compounds and other stressors, including heat, creates volatility and greater unpredictability than standard single-chemical toxicity...
The synergy between multiple compounds and other stressors, including heat, creates volatility and greater unpredictability than standard single-chemical toxicity testing, especially in the case of pesticides and metabolites which might contain several noxious ingredients resulting in adverse ecological effects. To address this, the aim of this study was to examine the dose- and time-dependent effects of low- and high-dose pesticide mixture (metalachlor, linuron, isoproturon, tebucanazole, aclonifen, atrazine, pendimethalin, azinphos-methyl) and heat stress co-exposure (22°C control/32°C treatment for 4-week) on free-swimming behaviors and cumulative actionless time (CAT) of goldfish. Behavioral analysis showed a dose- and time-dependent decrease in distance swam, as well as a subsequent increase in CAT. Vertical and horizontal spatial behavioral use were affected under heat and pesticides co-exposure conditions. In 3- and 4-week(s) exposure groups, horizontal spatial behavioral use demonstrated elevated time spent in the lower third of the aquarium. Similarly, during 3- and 4-week(s) exposure (32°C control and 32°C high doses) vertical spatial behavioral use was found to increase time spent in the outermost edges of the aquarium. In all treatment groups, the final condition factor (KM) showed significant attenuation when compared to the initial KM. However, there was an unclear relationship between heat/pesticide co-exposure and growth most notably in 32°C high-dose groups. In addition, the expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 1A mRNA was significantly higher in pesticide-exposed groups. Taken together, data demonstrated that co-exposure with low- or high-dose pesticide mixture and heat stress significantly impacted natural swimming patterns, which over time might result in the broader population and ecological effects.
Topics: Animals; Pesticides; Goldfish; Swimming; Temperature; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
PubMed: 36756740
DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2174463 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Apr 2018Agriculture represents the second most important economic activity in the North Patagonian Region of Argentina and non-selective insecticides are still being used with...
Agriculture represents the second most important economic activity in the North Patagonian Region of Argentina and non-selective insecticides are still being used with significant implications to the quality of the environment. The range of concentrations (μg/L) determined for azinphosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, and carbaryl in drainage channels were from non-detected to 1.02, 1.45, and 11.21, respectively. Macroinvertebrate abundance and taxon richness in drainage channels were significantly lower in November compared to the other sampling months (October, February). The decrease in taxon richness observed in November was associated with chlorpyrifos and azinphosmethyl peak concentrations. The most remarkable changes were the decrease in sensitive taxa such as Baetidae and the increase in some tolerant taxa such as Chironomidae and Gastropoda.For all three pesticides, the acute hazard quotient exceeded the risk criteria for invertebrates. The effects of the three pesticides on aquatic organisms, characterized by joint probability curves, showed that the LC of 10% of the species were exceeded five and three times by the concentrations of azinphosmethyl and chlorpyrifos during the study period, respectively. However, the correlation between the pesticide concentrations and both taxon richness and abundance of macroinvertebrates at each site (irrigation and drainage channels) was indicative that only chlorpyrifos was negatively correlated with both parameters (Spearman r - 0.61, p = 0.0051 and Spearman r - 0.59, p = 0.0068 for taxon richness and abundance correlation, respectively). We conclude that macroinvertebrate assemblages in drainage channels were highly affected by chlorpyrifos levels.
Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Aquaporins; Argentina; Chlorpyrifos; Gastropoda; Insecticides; Pesticides; Water
PubMed: 29392605
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1330-x -
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination... Aug 2002
Comparative Study
Topics: Animals; Azinphosmethyl; Carps; Cichlids; Fishes; Fresh Water; Insecticides; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Malondialdehyde; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Tilapia; Time Factors; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 12107705
DOI: 10.1007/s00128-002-0057-y