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Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jan 2017In a longitudinal agricultural community cohort sampling of 65 adult farmworkers and 52 adult nonfarmworkers, we investigated agricultural pesticide exposure-associated...
UNLABELLED
In a longitudinal agricultural community cohort sampling of 65 adult farmworkers and 52 adult nonfarmworkers, we investigated agricultural pesticide exposure-associated changes in the oral buccal microbiota. We found a seasonally persistent association between the detected blood concentration of the insecticide azinphos-methyl and the taxonomic composition of the buccal swab oral microbiome. Blood and buccal samples were collected concurrently from individual subjects in two seasons, spring/summer 2005 and winter 2006. Mass spectrometry quantified blood concentrations of the organophosphate insecticide azinphos-methyl. Buccal oral microbiome samples were 16S rRNA gene DNA sequenced, assigned to the bacterial taxonomy, and analyzed after "centered-log-ratio" transformation to handle the compositional nature of the proportional abundances of bacteria per sample. Nonparametric analysis of the transformed microbiome data for individuals with and without azinphos-methyl blood detection showed significant perturbations in seven common bacterial taxa (>0.5% of sample mean read depth), including significant reductions in members of the common oral bacterial genus Streptococcus Diversity in centered-log-ratio composition between individuals' microbiomes was also investigated using principal-component analysis (PCA) to reveal two primary PCA clusters of microbiome types. The spring/summer "exposed" microbiome cluster with significantly less bacterial diversity was enriched for farmworkers and contained 27 of the 30 individuals who also had azinphos-methyl agricultural pesticide exposure detected in the blood.
IMPORTANCE
In this study, we show in human subjects that organophosphate pesticide exposure is associated with large-scale significant alterations of the oral buccal microbiota composition, with extinctions of whole taxa suggested in some individuals. The persistence of this association from the spring/summer to the winter also suggests that long-lasting effects on the commensal microbiota have occurred. The important health-related outcomes of these agricultural community individuals' pesticide-associated microbiome perturbations are not understood at this time. Future investigations should index medical and dental records for common and chronic diseases that may be interactively caused by this association between pesticide exposure and microbiome alteration.
Topics: Adult; Azinphosmethyl; Bacteria; Farmers; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Mouth; Occupational Exposure; Pesticides; Washington; Young Adult
PubMed: 27836847
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02149-16 -
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental... Mar 1982Dermal LD50 values for five organophosphate insecticides were determined in mice by application of solutions to hind feet. Values were simultaneously generated for the...
Dermal LD50 values for five organophosphate insecticides were determined in mice by application of solutions to hind feet. Values were simultaneously generated for the ED50 (milligrams per kilogram) for both cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase. Lethality was greatest with mevinphos, followed by parathion, methyl parathion, diazinon, and azinphosmethyl. LD50 values were higher than reported values for mice treated on shaved back skin. Cholinesterase ED50 values roughly agreed with LD50 values for mevinphos, parathion, methyl parathion, and azinphos-methyl, but diazinon appeared much more inhibitory of blood than neuronal cholinesterase. Red blood cell and plasma cholinesterase activities were equally sensitive for all but mevinphos and diazinon.
Topics: Animals; Insecticides; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Mice; Organophosphorus Compounds; Skin
PubMed: 7097799
DOI: 10.1080/15287398209530180 -
Journal of Occupational and... Aug 2011Residential proximity to pesticide-treated farmland is an important pesticide exposure pathway.
OBJECTIVES
Residential proximity to pesticide-treated farmland is an important pesticide exposure pathway.
METHODS
In-person interviews and biological samples were collected from 100 farmworker and 100 non-farmworker adults and children living in Eastern Washington State. We examined the relationship of residential proximity to farmland to urinary metabolite concentrations of dimethylphosphate (DMTP) and levels of pesticide residues in house dust.
RESULTS
DMTP concentrations were higher in farmworkers than non-farmworkers (71 μg/L vs 6 μg/L) and in farmworker children than non-farmworker children (17 μg/L vs 8 μg/L). Compared to non-farmworker households, farmworker households had higher levels of azinphos-methyl (643 ng/g vs 121 ng/g) and phosmet (153 ng/g vs 50 ng/g). Overall, a 20% reduction in DMTP concentration was observed per mile increase in distance from farmland.
CONCLUSIONS
Lower OP metabolite concentrations correlated with increasing distance from farmland.
Topics: Adult; Agriculture; Azinphosmethyl; Child; Dust; Female; Humans; Male; Occupational Exposure; Organophosphates; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Phosmet; Rural Population; Washington
PubMed: 21775902
DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e318222f03a -
Frontiers in Bioengineering and... 2021In this study, was grown on municipal biosolids (BS) as the substrate to produce laccase for the removal of pesticides (fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides) from...
In this study, was grown on municipal biosolids (BS) as the substrate to produce laccase for the removal of pesticides (fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides) from wastewater. Among the various types of BS tested, sterilized biosolids were the most promising substrate for laccase production by with a maximal laccase activity (162.1 ± 21.1 U/g dry substrate), followed by hygenized biosolids (96.7 ± 17.6 U/g dry substrate), unsterilized biosolids (UBS) (31.9 ± 1.2 U/g dry substrate), and alkali-treated biosolids (8.2 ± 0.4 U/g dry substrate). The ultrasound-assisted extraction of this enzyme from fermented UBS was carried out with 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.0, which increased the enzyme activity of the crude extract by 30%. To test the catalytic potential of the biocatalyst in real matrices, 1 U/ml of recovered crude laccase extract was applied for 24 h for the removal of 29 pesticides (nine fungicides, 10 herbicides, and 10 insecticides) either separately or as a mixture from spiked biologically treated wastewater effluent. When treated with crude enzyme extract, high-priority herbicides metolachlor and atrazine were completely removed, while 93%-97% of the insecticides aldicarb, spinosad, and azinphos-methyl and up to 91% of kresoxim-methyl were removed. Promising results were obtained with BS-derived crude enzyme extract exhibiting improved pesticides removal, which may be due to the mediator effect resulting from the catalytic transformation of other molecules in the cocktail. The results demonstrated a promising integrated bioprocess for the removal of pesticides in wastewater using crude laccase obtained from BS.
PubMed: 35223809
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.770435 -
Journal of Exposure Science &... Apr 2019Reducing residential pesticide exposure requires identification of exposure pathways. Compared to the agriculture worker 'take-home' and residential use pathways,...
Reducing residential pesticide exposure requires identification of exposure pathways. Compared to the agriculture worker 'take-home' and residential use pathways, evidence of the 'drift' pathway to pesticide exposure has been inconsistent. Questionnaire data from individuals (n = 99) and dust samples (n = 418) from households across three growing seasons in 2011 were from the For Healthy Kids! study. Summed dimethyl organophosphate pesticide (OP) (Azinphos-Methyl, Phosmet, and Malathion) concentrations were quantified from house dust samples. Spatially-weighted orchard densities surrounding households were calculated based on various distances from homes. Regression models tested associations between orchard density, residential pesticide use, agriculture worker residents, and summed dimethyl OP house dust concentrations. Estimated relationships between orchard density and dimethyl OP in house dust were mixed: a 5% increase in orchard density resulted in 0.3 and 0.5% decreases in dimethyl OP house dust concentrations when considering land-cover 750 m or 1250 m away from households, respectively, but null associations with land-cover 60 m or 200 m away. Dimethyl OP house dust concentrations were 400% higher within homes where at least two residents were agriculture workers. Despite inconclusive evidence for the drift pathway due to potential for bias, relationships between number of agriculture workers and dimethyl OP house dust concentration underscores the take-home pathway.
Topics: Adult; Agriculture; Dust; Environmental Exposure; Female; Housing; Humans; Male; Occupational Exposure; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticide Residues
PubMed: 30254255
DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0074-5 -
Journal of Exposure Science &... Jul 2017Since 1998, the University of Washington's Center for Child Environmental Health Risks Research has followed a community-based participatory research strategy in the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Since 1998, the University of Washington's Center for Child Environmental Health Risks Research has followed a community-based participatory research strategy in the Lower Yakima Valley of Washington State to assess pesticide exposure among families of Hispanic farmworkers. As a part of this longitudinal study, house dust samples were collected from both farmworker and non-farmworker households, across three agricultural seasons (thinning, harvest and non-spray). The household dust samples were analyzed for five organophosphate pesticides: azinphos-methyl, phosmet, malathion, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos. Organophosphate pesticide levels in house dust were generally reflective of annual use rates and varied by occupational status and agricultural season. Overall, organophosphate pesticide concentrations were higher in the thinning and harvest seasons than in the non-spray season. Azinphos-methyl was found in the highest concentrations across all seasons and occupations. Farmworker house dust had between 5- and 9-fold higher concentrations of azinphos-methyl than non-farmworker house dust. Phosmet was found in 5-7-fold higher concentrations in farmworker house dust relative to non-farmworker house dust. Malathion and chlorpyriphos concentrations in farmworker house dust ranged between 1.8- and 9.8-fold higher than non-farmworker house dust. Diazinon showed a defined seasonal pattern that peaked in the harvest season and did not significantly differ between farmworker and non-farmworker house dust. The observed occupational differences in four out of five of the pesticide residues measured provides evidence supporting an occupational take home pathway, in which workers may bring pesticides home on their skin or clothing. Further, these results demonstrate the ability of dust samples to inform the episodic nature of organophosphate pesticide exposures and the need to collect multiple samples for complete characterization of exposure potential.
Topics: Agriculture; Agrochemicals; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution, Indoor; Community-Based Participatory Research; Dust; Environmental Monitoring; Farmers; Hispanic or Latino; Housing; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Markov Chains; Occupational Exposure; Organothiophosphates; Pesticides; Seasons; Washington
PubMed: 27553992
DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.45 -
Pest Management Science Aug 2001Attract-and-kill techniques, associating an attractant and a contact insecticide in a sticky formulation, are a new way of controlling Lepidopteran pests. Insecticide...
Attract-and-kill techniques, associating an attractant and a contact insecticide in a sticky formulation, are a new way of controlling Lepidopteran pests. Insecticide resistance may, however, limit the effectiveness and even the attractiveness of such formulations where resistance pleiotropic effects influence pheromone perception. We have tested this hypothesis on resistant codling moths Cydia pomonella (L) using a commercial formulation containing (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone), the major component of the sex pheromone, as an attractant and permethrin as toxicant. We first compared the attractiveness of codlemone in a wind tunnel and the contact toxicity of pyrethroids on males of one susceptible and of three strains selected for resistance to diflubenzuron, deltamethrin and azinphos-methyl. The dose-response relationships of males of susceptible and resistant strains to codlemone did not differ significantly. The deltamethrin-selected strain was the most resistant to pyrethroids, exhibiting 138-, 25- and 18-fold resistance ratios to deltamethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin, respectively. The efficiency of the attracticide formulation, applied successively on filter paper support, glass support and wood support, was estimated by recording the mortality delay of males after natural contact with the formulation in the wind tunnel. The deltamethrin- and diflubenzuron-resistant strains were significantly less affected than the susceptible strain by contact with the attracticide on the wooden support, exhibiting 58- and 2.3-fold greater LT50 ratios, respectively. Mortality of deltamethrin-resistant moths did not exceed 40% after 48 h. The LT50 value was significantly greater on filter paper support than on the two other supports. Surprisingly, the LT50 ratio of the deltamethrin-resistant strain was markedly higher on filter paper support (1021-fold), which was more absorbent, than on the glass support (31-fold). No sublethal effects in terms of pheromone response, mating or fecundity occurred in moths surviving contact with the attracticide. Choice of insecticides in attracticide formulations will be influenced by the resistance background of the target pests. Principles of insecticide resistance management may also be applied to attract-and-kill technology by alternating with other insecticides or control methods.
Topics: Animals; Dodecanol; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Male; Moths; Nitriles; Permethrin; Pyrethrins; Sex Attractants
PubMed: 11517727
DOI: 10.1002/ps.350 -
Insect Science Jun 2017The control program of codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) in the Río Negro and Neuquén Valley is intended to neonate larvae. However, adults may be subjected to...
The control program of codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) in the Río Negro and Neuquén Valley is intended to neonate larvae. However, adults may be subjected to sublethal pesticide concentrations generating stress which might enhance both mutation rates and activity of the detoxification system. This study assessed the exposure effects of chlorpyrifos on target enzyme and, both detoxifying and antioxidant systems of surviving adults from both a laboratory susceptible strain (LSS) and a field population (FP). The results showed that the FP was as susceptible to chlorpyrifos as the LSS and, both exhibited a similar chlorpyrifos-inhibitory concentration 50 (IC ) of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The FP displayed higher carboxylesterase (CarE) and 7-ethoxycoumarine O-deethylase (ECOD) activities than LSS. Both LSS and FP showed an increase on CarE activity after the exposure to low-chlorpyrifos concentrations, followed by enzyme inhibition at higher concentrations. There were no significant differences neither in the activities of glutathione S-transferases (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) nor in the reduced glutathione (GSH) content between LSS and FP. Moreover, these enzymes were unaffected by chlorpyrifos. In conclusion, control adults from the FP exhibited higher CarE and ECOD activities than control adults from the LSS. AChE and CarE activities were the most affected by chlorpyrifos. Control strategies used for C. pomonella, such as rotations of insecticides with different modes of action, will probably delay the evolution of insecticide resistance in FPs from the study area.
Topics: 7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase; Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Antioxidants; Azinphosmethyl; Carboxylesterase; Chlorpyrifos; Insecticides; Moths
PubMed: 26703366
DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12307 -
Journal of Economic Entomology Aug 2002Populations of obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), were collected from organic and conventionally managed orchards located in the Okanagan and...
Populations of obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), were collected from organic and conventionally managed orchards located in the Okanagan and Similkameen Valleys of British Columbia Neonate F1 progeny were assayed for resistance to azinphosmethyl, tebufenozide, methoxyfenozide, and indoxacarb using a leaf disk bioassay. Significant differences in resistance levels among populations were observed for all four insecticides. Insects collected from organic sites were more susceptible to all insecticides than were insects collected from conventional sites. Resistance to the benzoylhydrazine insect growth regulators tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide was highly correlated with resistance to azinphosmethyl across populations, indicating cross-resistance between these compounds. The highest levels of resistance were observed with indoxacarb, but resistance levels to indoxacarb did not correlate with those for azinphosmethyl. Dose-response regression lines for tebufenozide were parallel across populations, suggesting that the resistance mechanism(s) were quantitatively, but not qualitatively, different. Cross-resistance between azinphosmethyl and benzoylhydrazine insecticides indicates that a resistance management strategy for obliquebanded leafroller involving the rotation of these materials is not likely to be successful.
Topics: Animals; Azinphosmethyl; Hydrazines; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Juvenile Hormones; Moths; Oxazines
PubMed: 12216826
DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-95.4.820 -
Chemosphere Feb 2016Organophosphate insecticides (OI) are widely used. To humans the main routes of exposure are skin and inhalation. For this, keratinocytes (HaCaT) and bronchial cells...
Organophosphate insecticides (OI) are widely used. To humans the main routes of exposure are skin and inhalation. For this, keratinocytes (HaCaT) and bronchial cells (NL-20) were used as cell culture models to evaluate the effects of OI. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of four OI on HaCaT and NL-20 cells: azinphos-methyl, (AM); parathion-methyl (PM); omethoate (OM); and methamidophos (MET). Cells were exposed to 0.1, 1 and 10 μg/μL of each. Results showed a decrease in cell viability in both cell lines. Viability of the NL-20 cell line decreased with the three concentrations of OM. All differences were significant (p < 0.05). Genotoxic damage, evaluated through the comet assay, was observed in both cell lines with AM. NL-20 cell line was more sensitive than HaCaT. Higher concentrations of the insecticides except MET, induced cell death. MET caused DNA damage in HaCaT cells at all concentrations. Differences were significant (p < 0.05). Both cell lines revealed the presence of single membrane vacuoles of different sizes when exposed to 1 μg/μL of each insecticide. Quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed an increase of BN1 gene in HaCaT by effect of AM and MET at 1 μg/μL. In conclusion, all the insecticides induced different levels of cyto and genotoxic effects in both cell lines.
Topics: Bronchi; Cell Death; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Comet Assay; DNA Damage; Humans; Insecticides; Keratinocytes; Mutagens; Organophosphorus Compounds
PubMed: 26688254
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.043