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Sub-cellular Biochemistry 2000
Review
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Bartonella; Bartonella Infections; Cell Death; Humans
PubMed: 10804853
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4580-1_5 -
Journal of the Medical Association of... May 2009Bartonella species, belonging to the alpha 2 subgroup of Proteobacteria, have either been considered or established as potential human and mammal pathogens. Five novel... (Review)
Review
Bartonella species, belonging to the alpha 2 subgroup of Proteobacteria, have either been considered or established as potential human and mammal pathogens. Five novel species of Bartonella have been reported in Thailand and Australia. Recently, three strains of B. tamiae were isolated from febrile illness patients in Thailand, while B. australis was isolated from kangaroos, and B. coopersplainsensis, B. queenslandensis, and B. rattiaustraliensis were isolated from rats in Australia. The 17 novel Bartonella strains isolated from rodents in southern China that were identified using the partial citrate synthase gene (gltA) sequence displayed a similar genetic diversity, as compared to those obtained from rodents captured in northern Thailand. Herein, the authors review and discuss the few available reports on Bartonella infection in order to raise awareness of Bartonella infection transmitted from mammalian reservoirs to humans via arthropod ectoparasitic vectors such as fleas, ticks, and lice in Asia and Australia. The identification of Bartonella species on these continents was reported in eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Russia, and Taiwan), south central Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, and Nepal), southeast Asia (Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand), the Middle East (Israel and Jordan), and Australia. The rate of Bartonella infection was found to be high in arthropod ectoparasitic vectors, mammals, and febrile patients in these tropical zones.
Topics: Animals; Arthropod Vectors; Asia; Australia; Bartonella; Bartonella Infections; Disease Reservoirs; Genetic Variation; Humans; Middle East; Tropical Climate; Zoonoses
PubMed: 19459536
DOI: No ID Found -
Cellular Microbiology Mar 2019The α-proteobacterial genus Bartonella comprises a large number of facultative intracellular pathogens that share a common lifestyle hallmarked by hemotrophic infection... (Review)
Review
The α-proteobacterial genus Bartonella comprises a large number of facultative intracellular pathogens that share a common lifestyle hallmarked by hemotrophic infection and arthropod transmission. Speciation in the four deep-branching lineages (L1-L4) occurred by host adaptation facilitating the establishment of long lasting bacteraemia in specific mammalian reservoir host(s). Two distinct type-IV-secretion systems (T4SSs) acquired horizontally by different Bartonella lineages mediate essential host interactions during infection and represent key innovations for host adaptation. The Trw-T4SS confined to the species-rich L4 mediates host-specific erythrocyte infection and likely has functionally replaced flagella as ancestral virulence factors implicated in erythrocyte colonisation by bartonellae of the other lineages. The VirB/VirD4-T4SS translocates Bartonella effector proteins (Bep) into various host cell types to modulate diverse cellular and innate immune functions involved in systemic spreading of bacteria following intradermal inoculation. Independent acquisition of the virB/virD4/bep locus by L1, L3, and L4 was likely driven by arthropod vectors associated with intradermal inoculation of bacteria rather than facilitating direct access to blood. Subsequently, adaptation to colonise specific niches in the new host has shaped the evolution of complex species-specific Bep repertoires. This diversification of the virulence factor repertoire of Bartonella spp. represents a remarkable example for parallel evolution of host adaptation.
Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Animals; Arthropods; Bartonella; Bartonella Infections; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Evolution, Molecular; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Mammals; Type IV Secretion Systems; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30644157
DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13004 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2012Bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that employ a unique stealth infection strategy comprising immune evasion and modulation, intimate interaction... (Review)
Review
Bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that employ a unique stealth infection strategy comprising immune evasion and modulation, intimate interaction with nucleated cells, and intraerythrocytic persistence. Infections with Bartonella are ubiquitous among mammals, and many species can infect humans either as their natural host or incidentally as zoonotic pathogens. Upon inoculation into a naive host, the bartonellae first colonize a primary niche that is widely accepted to involve the manipulation of nucleated host cells, e.g., in the microvasculature. Consistently, in vitro research showed that Bartonella harbors an ample arsenal of virulence factors to modulate the response of such cells, gain entrance, and establish an intracellular niche. Subsequently, the bacteria are seeded into the bloodstream where they invade erythrocytes and give rise to a typically asymptomatic intraerythrocytic bacteremia. While this course of infection is characteristic for natural hosts, zoonotic infections or the infection of immunocompromised patients may alter the path of Bartonella and result in considerable morbidity. In this review we compile current knowledge on the molecular processes underlying both the infection strategy and pathogenesis of Bartonella and discuss their connection to the clinical presentation of human patients, which ranges from minor complaints to life-threatening disease.
Topics: Animals; Bartonella; Bartonella Infections; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Disease Vectors; Genotype; Humans; Mammals; Molecular Epidemiology; Molecular Typing; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 22232371
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.05009-11 -
Journal of Vector Ecology : Journal of... Dec 2020Because isolated ecosystems contribute to species variability, especially oceanic island ecosystems, the present work focused on the study of the Bartonella species and...
Because isolated ecosystems contribute to species variability, especially oceanic island ecosystems, the present work focused on the study of the Bartonella species and haplotypes in Lanzarote and El Hierro, two Canary islands with evident bioclimatic differences between them. A total of 123 rodents and 110 fleas from two islands were screened for the presence of Bartonella by PCR analysis of the gltA and nuoG genes. The overall prevalence was 5.7% in rodents and 20.4% in fleas. A total of seven gltA-haplotypes was found in both rodents and fleas, belonging to the species Bartonella mastomydis and Bartonella tribocorum in Lanzarote, and to Bartonella rochalimae and Bartonella elizabethae in El Hierro, as well as recently described species Bartonella kosoyi in both islands. Besides, potential co-infections were detected based on the nuoG analysis. Further, Xenopsylla cheopis was the only flea species identified. Our study shows that isolated ecosystems such as the Canary Islands lead to the appearance of new Bartonella haplotypes along different biotopes, with diverse flea species involved in the spreading of the pathogen being of great relevance due to the zoonotic potential of the species found.
Topics: Animals; Bartonella; Haplotypes; Insect Vectors; Mice; Phylogeny; Rats; Spain; Xenopsylla
PubMed: 33207054
DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12396 -
Future Microbiology Sep 2013Among the 33 confirmed Bartonella species to date, more than half are hosted by rodent species, and at least five of them have been involved in human illness causing... (Review)
Review
Among the 33 confirmed Bartonella species to date, more than half are hosted by rodent species, and at least five of them have been involved in human illness causing diverse symptoms including fever, myocarditis, endocarditis, lymphadenitis and hepatitis. In almost all countries, wild rodents are infected by extremely diverse Bartonella strains with a high prevalence. In the present paper, in light of new knowledge on rodent-adapted Bartonella species genomics, we bring together knowledge gained in recent years to have an overview of the impact of rodent-adapted Bartonella infection on humans and to determine how diversity of Bartonella helps to understand their mechanisms of adaptation to rodents and the consequences on human health.
Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Animals; Bartonella; Bartonella Infections; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Rodent Diseases; Rodentia
PubMed: 24020740
DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.77 -
Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases... Apr 2016This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of Bartonella organisms in small mammals in Cotonou, Benin. We captured 163 rodents and 12...
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of Bartonella organisms in small mammals in Cotonou, Benin. We captured 163 rodents and 12 insectivores and successfully detected Bartonella DNA from 13 of the 175 small mammal individuals. Bartonella spp., identical or closely related to Bartonella elizabethae, Bartonella tribocorum, and Bartonella rochalimae, was detected. A potential new Bartonella species, proposed as Candidatus Bartonella mastomydis, was found in three Mastomys individuals and genetically characterized by targeting two housekeeping genes (rpoB and gltA) and the intergenic species region. However, 20.8% of gray rats were found to be infected with Bartonella spp., and none of the black rats analyzed was positive. This work may be important from a public health point of view due to the zoonotic nature of the Bartonella species detected and warrants further investigation on the unknown zoonotic potential of this newly proposed Bartonella species.
Topics: Animals; Bartonella; Bartonella Infections; Benin; DNA, Bacterial; Disease Reservoirs; Eulipotyphla; Genetic Variation; Rodent Diseases; Rodentia
PubMed: 26910412
DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1838 -
Annual Review of Microbiology 2004The genus Bartonella comprises several important human pathogens that cause a wide range of clinical manifestations: cat-scratch disease, trench fever, Carrion's... (Review)
Review
The genus Bartonella comprises several important human pathogens that cause a wide range of clinical manifestations: cat-scratch disease, trench fever, Carrion's disease, bacteremia with fever, bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis, endocarditis, and neuroretinitis. Common features of bartonellae include transmission by blood-sucking arthropods and the specific interaction with endothelial cells and erythrocytes of their mammalian hosts. For each Bartonella species, the invasion and persistent intracellular colonization of erythrocytes are limited to a specific human or animal reservoir host. In contrast, endothelial cells are target host cells in probably all mammals, including humans. Bartonellae subvert multiple cellular functions of human endothelial cells, resulting in cell invasion, proinflammatory activation, suppression of apoptosis, and stimulation of proliferation, which may cumulate in vasoproliferative tumor growth. This review summarizes our understanding of Bartonella-host cell interactions and the molecular mechanisms of bacterial virulence and persistence. In addition, current controversies and unanswered questions in this area are highlighted.
Topics: Animals; Bacteremia; Bartonella; Bartonella Infections; Disease Reservoirs; Endothelial Cells; Erythrocytes; Humans; Insect Vectors; Virulence Factors; Zoonoses
PubMed: 15487942
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123700 -
Microbes and Infection Aug 2000Bartonella species were virtually unrecognized as modern pathogens of humans until the last decade. However, identification of Bartonella species as the agents of... (Review)
Review
Bartonella species were virtually unrecognized as modern pathogens of humans until the last decade. However, identification of Bartonella species as the agents of cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, urban trench fever, and possible novel presentations of Carrion's disease has left little doubt of the emerging medical importance of this genus of organisms. The three primary human pathogenic bartonellae, Bartonella bacilliformis (Carrion's disease), B. henselae (cat-scratch disease), and B. quintana (trench fever), present noteworthy comparisons in the epidemiology, natural history, pathology, and host-microbe interaction that this review will briefly explore.
Topics: Animals; Bartonella; Bartonella Infections; Bartonella henselae; Bartonella quintana; Disease Reservoirs; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Zoonoses
PubMed: 11008109
DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01273-9 -
Clinics in Laboratory Medicine Dec 2002Bartonella species are pathogens of emerging and reemerging significance, causing a wide array of clinical syndromes. In North America and Europe, they are increasingly... (Review)
Review
Bartonella species are pathogens of emerging and reemerging significance, causing a wide array of clinical syndromes. In North America and Europe, they are increasingly recognized as a cause of culture negative endocarditis, neuroretinitis, and disease among homeless, HIV-infected, and other immunosuppressed individuals. In South America, bartonellosis continues to plague those in endemic regions and poses a significant threat to travelers in these areas. As the clinician is increasingly faced with these illnesses, which may be difficult to diagnose, laboratory techniques to confirm or refute the diagnosis are becoming increasingly important. Culture methods have improved over the past decade demonstrating increased sensitivity, but still require prolonged periods before isolation of the organism. Specimen handling, media selection, and growth conditions all may affect results and must be optimized in order to provide the highest likelihood of recovering the organism. Pure culture of the bacteria not only provides morphologic information, but also provides material for further diagnostic testing. Work with liquid media, which may provide a more rapid means of cultivation has shown some promise and should continue to be pursued. Improved blood culture techniques were a primary factor in the discovery of Bartonella endocarditis and continued improvements will likely demonstrate further clinical insights. Serologic testing for B henselae infections has become the cornerstone of clinical diagnosis, replacing the skin test that was poorly standardized and posed a potential risk to the patient. Immunofluorescence assays have been well characterized and validated in clinical trials, however they are not universally available. Vero cell cocultivated antigens appear to provide higher sensitivity and specificity when compared with agar-derived antigens. IFA assays are inherently difficult to perform, requiring significant expertise to provide reproducible results. On the contrary, enzyme immunoassays offer ease of use and a high level of reproducibility, however ideal antigens for use in the diagnosis of Bartonella infections have not been clearly identified. Continued work to define antigenic targets of the human response to infection and incorporation of these into a widely available EIA will provide a cost-effective tool for the clinician and epidemiologist alike. Due to the close phylogenetic relationship of B henselae and B quintana, differentiation between these species by serologic means may prove difficult. Molecular techniques including PCR offer high sensitivity and specificity, rapid availability of information, and the ability to differentiate Bartonella organisms at the highest level. Results of studies to date are promising and as methods are refined it will be important to conduct clinical studies to define the role of these assays. In disseminated Bartonella infections such as bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis, endocarditis, and urban trench fever, PCR currently offers the ability to establish the diagnosis when other tests may be unrevealing. For CSD, this technique should be used as a confirmatory technique when the diagnosis is unclear by other means. PCR analysis of blood specimens offers a minimally invasive approach to diagnosis, but clinical data are scarce and further studies are needed. As DNA microarrays move into the clinical arena, specific hybridization probes may allow improved identification and differentiation of Bartonellae at the molecular level.
Topics: Antibodies, Bacterial; Bartonella; Bartonella Infections; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 12489289
DOI: 10.1016/s0272-2712(02)00017-3