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International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2021Insufficient endothelialization of cardiovascular grafts is a major hurdle in vascular surgery and regenerative medicine, bearing a risk for early graft thrombosis.... (Review)
Review
Insufficient endothelialization of cardiovascular grafts is a major hurdle in vascular surgery and regenerative medicine, bearing a risk for early graft thrombosis. Neither of the numerous strategies pursued to solve these problems were conclusive. Endothelialization is regulated by the endothelial basement membrane (EBM), a highly specialized part of the vascular extracellular matrix. Thus, a detailed understanding of the structure-function interrelations of the EBM components is fundamental for designing biomimetic materials aiming to mimic EBM functions. In this review, a detailed description of the structure and functions of the EBM are provided, including the luminal and abluminal interactions with adjacent cell types, such as vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, in vivo as well as in vitro strategies to build or renew EBM are summarized and critically discussed. The spectrum of methods includes vessel decellularization and implant biofunctionalization strategies as well as tissue engineering-based approaches and bioprinting. Finally, the limitations of these methods are highlighted, and future directions are suggested to help improve future design strategies for EBM-inspired materials in the cardiovascular field.
Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Biocompatible Materials; Bioprinting; Blood Vessel Prosthesis; Endothelium, Vascular; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Prosthesis Design; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 34884923
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313120 -
Current Eye Research Dec 2010Vascular basement membrane (BM) thickening is a fundamental structural alteration of small blood vessels in diabetes. Over two decades of research has established... (Review)
Review
Vascular basement membrane (BM) thickening is a fundamental structural alteration of small blood vessels in diabetes. Over two decades of research has established hyperglycemia as the primary causal factor mediating this alteration. Various high glucose-induced mechanisms have been investigated and excess synthesis of BM components has been identified as a major contributing factor to BM thickening. Although BM thickening has been long hailed as the histological hallmark of diabetic microangiopathy, the consequences of BM thickening on the functionality of target organs of diabetes remain elusive even today. This review presents an overview of our current understanding of the BM structure and function, and focuses on how capillary BM thickening develops, its effect on retinal vascular function, and potential strategies for preventing the development of BM thickening in diabetic retinopathy.
Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Diabetic Retinopathy; Humans; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Models, Biological; Retinal Vessels
PubMed: 20929292
DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2010.514659 -
The FEBS Journal Dec 2015Basement membranes (BMs) are thin sheets of extracellular matrix that outline epithelia, muscle fibers, blood vessels and peripheral nerves. The current view of BM... (Review)
Review
Basement membranes (BMs) are thin sheets of extracellular matrix that outline epithelia, muscle fibers, blood vessels and peripheral nerves. The current view of BM structure and functions is based mainly on transmission electron microscopy imaging, in vitro protein binding assays, and phenotype analysis of human patients, mutant mice and invertebrata. Recently, MS-based protein analysis, biomechanical testing and cell adhesion assays with in vivo derived BMs have led to new and unexpected insights. Proteomic analysis combined with ultrastructural studies showed that many BMs undergo compositional and structural changes with advancing age. Atomic force microscopy measurements in combination with phenotype analysis have revealed an altered mechanical stiffness that correlates with specific BM pathologies in mutant mice and human patients. Atomic force microscopy-based height measurements strongly suggest that BMs are more than two-fold thicker than previously estimated, providing greater freedom for modelling the large protein polymers within BMs. In addition, data gathered using BMs extracted from mutant mice showed that laminin has a crucial role in BM stability. Finally, recent evidence demonstrate that BMs are bi-functionally organized, leading to the proposition that BM-sidedness contributes to the alternating epithelial and stromal tissue arrangements that are found in all metazoan species. We propose that BMs are ancient structures with tissue-organizing functions and were essential in the evolution of metazoan species.
Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Humans; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Proteomics
PubMed: 26299746
DOI: 10.1111/febs.13495 -
Advances in Dermatology 1987The basement membrane zone of skin is a complex, highly compartmentalized structure composed of many distinct antigens. As illustrated in epidermolysis bullosa,... (Review)
Review
The basement membrane zone of skin is a complex, highly compartmentalized structure composed of many distinct antigens. As illustrated in epidermolysis bullosa, alteration in one or more of these antigens may result in abnormal integrity of the dermoepidermal junction, leading to increased mechanical fragility and blister formation. In addition, autoimmunization to basement membrane components, as in the case of bullous pemphigoid and EBA antigens, may result in the development of selected bullous diseases. To date, little is known about the functions and interactions of the antigens identified within human skin basement membrane. It is likely that future studies will provide not only these answers but also additional insight into other diseases associated with basement membrane involvement.
Topics: Animals; Antigens; Basement Membrane; Humans; Skin Diseases; Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous
PubMed: 3079259
DOI: No ID Found -
Open Biology Feb 2021The basement membrane (BM) is a special type of extracellular matrix that lines the basal side of epithelial and endothelial tissues. Functionally, the BM is important... (Review)
Review
The basement membrane (BM) is a special type of extracellular matrix that lines the basal side of epithelial and endothelial tissues. Functionally, the BM is important for providing physical and biochemical cues to the overlying cells, sculpting the tissue into its correct size and shape. In this review, we focus on recent studies that have unveiled the complex mechanical properties of the BM. We discuss how these properties can change during development, homeostasis and disease via different molecular mechanisms, and the subsequent impact on tissue form and function in a variety of organisms. We also explore how better characterization of BM mechanics can contribute to disease diagnosis and treatment, as well as development of better and models that not only impact the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, but can also reduce the use of animals in research.
Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Homeostasis; Humans; Mechanical Phenomena
PubMed: 33593159
DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200360 -
Current Biology : CB Mar 2022Building of the Drosophila abdomen relies on the removal of larval cells and expansion, through proliferation, of a population of progenitor epithelial cells. A new...
Building of the Drosophila abdomen relies on the removal of larval cells and expansion, through proliferation, of a population of progenitor epithelial cells. A new study shows that matrix metalloproteinases produced by larval cells drive basement membrane degradation and proliferative growth of the progenitor epithelial population.
Topics: Basement Membrane; Cell Proliferation; Epithelial Cells; Stem Cells
PubMed: 35349814
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.081 -
Current Topics in Membranes 2015Basement membranes are highly specialized extracellular matrices. Once considered inert scaffolds, basement membranes are now viewed as dynamic and versatile... (Review)
Review
Basement membranes are highly specialized extracellular matrices. Once considered inert scaffolds, basement membranes are now viewed as dynamic and versatile environments that modulate cellular behaviors to regulate tissue development, function, and repair. Increasing evidence suggests that, in addition to providing structural support to neighboring cells, basement membranes serve as reservoirs of growth factors that direct and fine-tune cellular functions. Type IV collagens are a major component of all basement membranes. They evolved along with the earliest multicellular organisms and have been integrated into diverse fundamental biological processes as time and evolution shaped the animal kingdom. The roles of basement membranes in humans are as complex and diverse as their distributions and molecular composition. As a result, basement membrane defects result in multisystem disorders with ambiguous and overlapping boundaries that likely reflect the simultaneous interplay and integration of multiple cellular pathways and processes. Consequently, there will be no single treatment for basement membrane disorders, and therapies are likely to be as varied as the phenotypes. Understanding tissue-specific pathology and the underlying molecular mechanism is the present challenge; personalized medicine will rely upon understanding how a given mutation impacts diverse cellular functions.
Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Cell Biology; Collagen Type IV; Disease; Genomics; Humans
PubMed: 26610912
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.09.002 -
Journal of Clinical Pathology Jan 2023Basement membrane (BM) is an amorphous, sheet-like structure separating the epithelium from the stroma. BM is characterised by a complex structure comprising collagenous... (Review)
Review
Basement membrane (BM) is an amorphous, sheet-like structure separating the epithelium from the stroma. BM is characterised by a complex structure comprising collagenous and non-collagenous proteoglycans and glycoproteins. In the breast, the thickness, density and composition of the BM around the ductal lobular system vary during differing development stages. In pathological conditions, the BM provides a physical barrier that separates proliferating intraductal epithelial cells from the surrounding stroma, and its absence or breach in malignant lesions is a hallmark of invasion and metastases. Currently, diagnostic services often use special stains and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to identify the BM in order to distinguish in situ from invasive lesions. However, distinguishing BM on stained sections, and differentiating the native BM from the reactive capsule or BM-like material surrounding some invasive malignant breast tumours is challenging. Although diagnostic use of the BM is being replaced by myoepithelial cell IHC markers, BM is considered by many to be a useful marker to distinguish in situ from invasive lesions in ambiguous cases. In this review, the structure, function and biological and clinical significance of the BM are discussed in relation to the various breast lesions with emphasis on how to distinguish the native BM from alternative pathological tissue mimicking its histology.
Topics: Humans; Female; Breast Neoplasms; Breast; Basement Membrane; Epithelial Cells; Immunohistochemistry
PubMed: 36253088
DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2022-208584 -
European Journal of Cell Biology 2011The basement membrane (BM) is a dense, tightly cross-linked matrix that acts as physiological barrier to maintain tissue homeostasis. Studies on Caenorhabditis elegans,... (Review)
Review
The basement membrane (BM) is a dense, tightly cross-linked matrix that acts as physiological barrier to maintain tissue homeostasis. Studies on Caenorhabditis elegans, leucocytes diapedesis and cancer cell invasion have shown that BM transmigration is a conserved three-stage process. Firstly, invadopodia-like protrusions form at the ventral surface of invasive cells; later, one protrusion elongates that lastly drives the infiltration of cells into the underlying compartment. This review illustrates the mechanism used by invasive cancer cells to cross the BM barrier by focusing on the role of key cytoskeleton components. We also describe currently available in vitro assays to study each step of the BM transmigration program.
Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Cell Movement; Cytoskeleton; Humans; Microtubules
PubMed: 20609495
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.05.010 -
The Histochemical Journal Nov 1989