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Radiologic Clinics of North America Mar 1993MR is a highly sensitive alternative to plain films, CT, and radionuclide studies for the imaging of normal and abnormal marrow and can characterize differences between... (Review)
Review
MR is a highly sensitive alternative to plain films, CT, and radionuclide studies for the imaging of normal and abnormal marrow and can characterize differences between fatty, fibrotic, cellular, hypercellular, and hemosiderotic marrow. MR is helpful in depicting the extent of disease and has been a useful method to follow the clinical course of many disorders. It has been found to be particularly useful in explaining the unrepresentative biopsy, as the distribution of many diseases is frequently heterogeneous as exemplified by the mixed fatty and cellular patterns of aplastic anemia, myeloma, lymphoma, and skeletal metastases. Patterns of cellular and fatty marrow in the epiphysis and apophysis after marrow reconversion were not completely understood prior to the introduction of MR scanning. Because it has the advantage of imaging the entire bone marrow compartment (unlike the situation with biopsy on aspiration), MR allows a better understanding of the distribution of skeletal disease.
Topics: Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neoplasm Invasiveness
PubMed: 8446756
DOI: No ID Found -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2023In vivo imaging enables the detection and visualization of many different processes occurring within the body. Fatty acid uptake is a fundamental cellular process which...
In vivo imaging enables the detection and visualization of many different processes occurring within the body. Fatty acid uptake is a fundamental cellular process which is essential for the use of free fatty acids (FFAs) as a fuel source for metabolism. Detection and visualization of in vivo FFA uptake in the bone marrow has been relatively unknown. Here, we describe the process of non-invasive bioluminescent imaging of in vivo FFA uptake within the bone marrow.
Topics: Bone Marrow; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified
PubMed: 37258754
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3247-5_4 -
JCI Insight Jun 2021BACKGROUNDAdipocytes were long considered inert components of the bone marrow niche, but mouse and human models suggest bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) is dynamic and...
BACKGROUNDAdipocytes were long considered inert components of the bone marrow niche, but mouse and human models suggest bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) is dynamic and responsive to hormonal and nutrient cues.METHODSIn this study of healthy volunteers, we investigated how BMAT responds to acute nutrient changes, including analyses of endocrine determinants and paracrine factors from marrow aspirates. Study participants underwent a 10-day high-calorie protocol, followed by a 10-day fast.RESULTSWe demonstrate (a) vertebral BMAT increased significantly during high-calorie feeding and fasting, suggesting BMAT may have different functions in states of caloric excess compared with caloric deprivation; (b) ghrelin, which decreased in response to high-calorie feeding and fasting, was inversely associated with changes in BMAT; and (c) in response to high-calorie feeding, resistin levels in the marrow sera, but not the circulation, rose significantly. In addition, TNF-α expression in marrow adipocytes increased with high-calorie feeding and decreased upon fasting.CONCLUSIONHigh-calorie feeding, but not fasting, induces an immune response in bone marrow similar to what has been reported in peripheral adipose tissue. Understanding the immunomodulatory regulators in the marrow may provide further insight into the homeostatic function of this unique adipose tissue depot.FUNDINGNIH grant R24 DK084970, Harvard Catalyst/The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, award UL 1TR002541), and NIH grants P30 DK040561 and U19 AG060917S1.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Bone Marrow; Fasting; Female; Humans; Male
PubMed: 33974568
DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138636 -
Acta Physiologica Scandinavica Apr 1997In order to maintain an adequate haemopoiesis, the bone marrow is dependent on a sufficient blood supply. Our understanding of the regulation of marrow perfusion... (Review)
Review
In order to maintain an adequate haemopoiesis, the bone marrow is dependent on a sufficient blood supply. Our understanding of the regulation of marrow perfusion remained patchy for several decades, mainly because of technological difficulties. Recent advances in methodology have permitted more detailed analyses of bone marrow perfusion. Enhanced stimulation of erythropoietic or leucopoietic activity leads to increased blood flow to the bone marrow. There is evidence that this vasodilatory effect is mediated by the cytokines erythropoietin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; however, a direct link has yet to be firmly established. The presence of receptors for several other cytokines on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells suggests that these may also have a regulatory role. The vasodilating factor nitric oxide (NO) regulates bone marrow blood flow both under normal conditions and during accelerated haemopoiesis, and NO is possibly induced via activation of cytokine receptors. There are conflicting reports as to how catecholamines affect marrow vascular tone. Although there is firm evidence that the bone marrow vasculature is innervated, no definite role of this innervation in vasoregulation has been documented. Advances in bone marrow/blood stem cell transplantation technology and the development of other therapeutic strategies for bone marrow failure may in part be dependent on optimization of the blood supply to the haemopoietic bone marrow.
Topics: Animals; Blood Cells; Blood Circulation; Bone Marrow; Cytokines; Hematopoiesis; Humans
PubMed: 9146747
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201X.1997.00107.x -
Annals of Internal Medicine Apr 1988The response of human breast cancer to drugs and radiation is dose-dependent, with higher doses producing increased response rates. However, dose escalation of several... (Review)
Review
The response of human breast cancer to drugs and radiation is dose-dependent, with higher doses producing increased response rates. However, dose escalation of several agents active against breast cancer is limited by bone marrow toxicity. This limitation can be overcome in some instances by transplantation of bone marrow cells. We evaluated 27 trials of bone marrow autotransplants in 172 patients who received single or multiple drug chemotherapy, radiation, or both. The overall response rate was 58%. Response rates were highest in trials involving multiple alkylating agents (76%) or previously untreated patients (81%). These data suggest that high-dose therapy and bone marrow autotransplants can produce remissions in patients with advanced breast cancer unresponsive to conventional therapy. A critical evaluation of this approach will require controlled trials in high-risk persons.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Transplantation, Autologous
PubMed: 3279894
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-108-4-570 -
Magnetic Resonance Quarterly Jan 1990Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has value in characterizing normal and abnormal bone marrow because of its ability to distinguish fat from other tissues. Due to this... (Review)
Review
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has value in characterizing normal and abnormal bone marrow because of its ability to distinguish fat from other tissues. Due to this advantage, hematologic disorders resulting in alterations of the normal cellular and fatty marrow distribution can be appreciated. In this article, the role of MRI in diffuse hematologic disorders is emphasized. At birth, almost all marrow is cellular, but by age 25, cellular marrow is restricted to the axial skeleton and proximal femoral and humeral metaphysis. The remainder is fatty, consisting of 80% fat, 15% water, and 5% protein. With increased need for hematopoiesis, reconversion from fatty to cellular marrow occurs in many diffuse disease states. Diffuse diseases that affect bone marrow production are divided into four categories representing conditions that affect the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell. These include stem cell failure resulting in aplastic anemia, uncontrolled stem cell proliferation as exemplified by polycythemia vera, stem cell dysplasia such as sickle cell anemia, and malignant transformations or replacement. The MRI appearance of these disorders is discussed in this article. The use of spin-echo (SE) sequences is the most common approach to bone marrow imaging. With T1-weighted SE images, fatty marrow will appear bright and cellular marrow, with lower fat content, will exhibit a lower density signal. With T2-weighted SE pulse sequences, contrast between fatty marrow and cellular marrow decreases. Contrast between fatty and cellular marrow is enhanced with chemical shift imaging, including Dixon out-of-phase imaging, as emphasized in this article. MRI presents a more global view of the bone marrow than biopsy material and should provide a better understanding of diffuse hematologic disease progression and resolution.
Topics: Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Diseases; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 2200500
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Stem Cells 2011Diseases of the bone marrow often referred to as "Bone marrow failure" have complicated pathophysiological picture with respect to hematopoietic systemic function. The... (Review)
Review
Diseases of the bone marrow often referred to as "Bone marrow failure" have complicated pathophysiological picture with respect to hematopoietic systemic function. The reason for such bone marrow disorder is not well understood till date, although some sporadic etiological sources have been described earlier. With the advent of current investigations, hematopoietic stem cell involvement together with the failure of signaling interaction within the bone marrow niche has been found to reveal interesting correlations with the disease onset. The present review furnishes justification for bone marrow failure as a concern of stem cell niche failure and hints at providing important clues for disease diagnosis and therapeutic maneuver.
Topics: Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Diseases; Humans; Signal Transduction; Stem Cell Niche
PubMed: 22997847
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Legal Medicine Mar 2011Although blood is the reference medium in the field of forensic toxicology, alternative matrices are required in case of limited, unavailable or unusable blood samples.... (Review)
Review
Although blood is the reference medium in the field of forensic toxicology, alternative matrices are required in case of limited, unavailable or unusable blood samples. The present review investigated the suitability of bone marrow (BM) as an alternative matrix to characterize xenobiotic consumption and its influence on the occurrence of death. Basic data on BM physiology are reported in order to highlight the specificities of this matrix and their analytical and toxicokinetic consequences. A review of case reports, animal and human studies involving BM sample analysis focuses on the various parameters of interpretation of toxicological results: analytic limits, sampling location, pharmacokinetics, blood/BM concentration correlation, stability and postmortem redistribution. Tables summarizing the analytical conditions and quantification of 45 compounds from BM samples provide a useful tool for toxicologists. A specific section devoted to ethanol shows that, despite successful quantification, interpretation is highly dependent on postmortem interval. In conclusion, BM is an interesting alternative matrix, and further experimental data and validated assays are required to confirm its great potential relevance in forensic toxicology.
Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow; Forensic Toxicology; Humans; Postmortem Changes; Xenobiotics
PubMed: 21061013
DOI: 10.1007/s00414-010-0525-6 -
Seminars in Oncology Nursing Feb 1990The bone marrow is a richly innervated and highly vascularized tissue of the body responsible for hematopoiesis. The major functions include transporting oxygen, defense... (Review)
Review
The bone marrow is a richly innervated and highly vascularized tissue of the body responsible for hematopoiesis. The major functions include transporting oxygen, defense against foreign invasion, and hemostasis. An uncommitted pluripotent stem cell undergoes proliferation and differentiation in an orderly fashion, producing immature committed progenitors. The progenitors ultimately produce mature committed cells that are released into the circulating blood. Cell production is controlled by a variety of regulatory mechanisms, including growth factors. The availability of recombinant growth factors has stimulated clinical trials of these factors in a wide variety of hematologic diseases.
Topics: Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Examination; Growth Substances; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Stem Cells
PubMed: 2406826
DOI: 10.1016/s0749-2081(05)80127-5 -
Progress in Clinical and Biological... 1990This paper differs markedly from the others that are being presented at this symposium, in that it does not describe a particular technique, or have a single unifying... (Review)
Review
This paper differs markedly from the others that are being presented at this symposium, in that it does not describe a particular technique, or have a single unifying theme. Its aim is to draw to the attention of the purging community a list of variables that we all have tended to regard as only secondarily important to our primary goal of target cell depletion, or collection. It is often difficult to remember that ex vivo purging treatments are composed of multiple steps, and that, in turn, purging is a single component of a complex treatment protocol. In order to cope with this diversity, the natural tendency has been to focus on manageable segments. While this can speed development, we need to constantly be aware that there are multiple factors, both within and outside of our own particular segment, that can impact on the final result. Variables that we often regard as unimportant, or techniques that are thought of as routine, may ultimately be influencing clinical outcome. It would be naive to suggest that we can ever have control over all of the variables in any procedure that is part of a clinical treatment. One purpose of this paper is simply to draw the existence of these factors to the attention of investigators, and suggest that their potential impact may not always be fully appreciated. Secondly, the selective separation of cells from bone marrow is sufficiently well established that it should now be possible to evaluate the technology, reagents and variables in a systematic and collaborative fashion. While we may not emerge from such an exercise with unity of option, we may at least lay the foundations for the further development of this type of therapy, and provide the framework for addressing future questions.
Topics: Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Cell Separation; Colony-Forming Units Assay; Cryopreservation; Humans; Models, Biological
PubMed: 2408064
DOI: No ID Found