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International Journal of Biological... Dec 2020In this era, there is a global concern in the use of bioactive molecules such as chitosan in the field of antimicrobial and antioxidant benefits. Because of its... (Review)
Review
In this era, there is a global concern in the use of bioactive molecules such as chitosan in the field of antimicrobial and antioxidant benefits. Because of its biodegradability, biological compatibility, antimicrobial, antioxidants activity, and high safety, chitosan could be used in a large number of applications. It could exist in many forms, such as fibers, gels, films, sponges, nanoparticles, and beads. The different biological activities of chitosan and its products are extensively investigated to broaden the application fields in several areas. Chitosan's natural properties depend strongly on water and other solvent solubility. Consequently, the chitosan oligosaccharides with a low polymerization degree are getting significant attention in the pharmaceutical and medical applications because they have lower viscosity and higher water solubility than chitosan. The objective of this review article is to put the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of chitosan and its derivatives under the spotlight. The impacts of chitosan on physicochemical parameters like molecular weight and deacetylation degree on its bioactivities are also identified. Additionally, other applications of chitosan and its derivatives, including wound healing products, wastewater treatment, and cosmetics, have also been highlighted.
Topics: Acetylation; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Carbohydrate Sequence; Chitosan; Humans; Molecular Weight; Nanoparticles; Wastewater; Water Purification; Wound Healing
PubMed: 32841671
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.153 -
International Journal of Biological... Feb 2021Osteosarcoma has a high prevalence among children and adolescents. Common treatments of this disease are not promising enough. Molecular processes involved in the... (Review)
Review
Osteosarcoma has a high prevalence among children and adolescents. Common treatments of this disease are not promising enough. Molecular processes involved in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma are not fully understood. Besides, the remnants of tumor cells after surgery can cause bone destruction and recurrence of the disease. Thus, there is a need to develop novel drugs or enhancing the currently-used drugs as well as identifying bone-repairing methods. Chitosan is a natural compound produced by the deacetylation of chitin. Research has shown that chitosan can be used in various fields due to its beneficial effects, such as biodegradability and biocompatibility. Regarding cancer, chitosan exerts several anti-tumor activities. Moreover, it can be used in diagnostic techniques, drug delivery systems, and cell culture methods. Herein, we aim to discuss the potential roles of chitosan in studying and treating osteosarcoma. We review the literature on chitosan's applications as a drug delivery system and how it can be combined with other substances to improve its ability of local drug delivery. We take a look into the studies concerning the possible benefits of chitosan in the field of bone tissue engineering and 3D culturing. Furthermore, anti-cancer activities of different compounds of chitosan are reviewed.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Bone Neoplasms; Chitin; Chitosan; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Osteosarcoma; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 33310094
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.058 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2020Chitosan derivatives, and more specifically, glycosylated derivatives, are nowadays attracting much attention within the scientific community due to the fact that this... (Review)
Review
Chitosan derivatives, and more specifically, glycosylated derivatives, are nowadays attracting much attention within the scientific community due to the fact that this set of engineered polysaccharides finds application in different sectors, spanning from food to the biomedical field. Overcoming chitosan (physical) limitations or grafting biological relevant molecules, to mention a few, represent two cardinal strategies to modify parent biopolymer; thereby, synthetizing high added value polysaccharides. The present review is focused on the introduction of oligosaccharide side chains on the backbone of chitosan. The synthetic aspects and the effect on physical-chemical properties of such modifications are discussed. Finally, examples of potential applications in biomaterials design and drug delivery of these novel modified chitosans are disclosed.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Chitosan; Drug Delivery Systems; Glycosylation; Humans; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Nanoparticles; Oligosaccharides; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 32230971
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071534 -
Chemistry (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Dec 2022Polymer alternatives sourced from nature have attracted increasing attention for applications in medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, food, water purification, and more.... (Review)
Review
Polymer alternatives sourced from nature have attracted increasing attention for applications in medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, food, water purification, and more. Among them, chitosan is the most versatile due to its full biodegradability, exceptional biocompatibility, multipurpose bioactivity, and low toxicity. Although remarkable progress has been made in its synthetic modification by using C3/C6 secondary/primary hydroxy (-OH) and the C2 amino (-NH ) active sites, its solubility under physiological conditions remains limited and has hampered larger-scale adoption. This review summarizes different synthetic methods that increase chitosan's hydrophilicity and water solubility by using covalent modifications, namely amino acid addition, quaternary ammonium formation, phosphorylation, and carboxymethylation. We also review several applications for each type of substitution in fields such as cosmetics, medicine, agriculture, and water purification, and provide an outlook and perspective for future modifications and implementations.
Topics: Chitosan; Solubility; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
PubMed: 36073726
DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202156 -
Trends in Biotechnology Jun 2023Chitosan, an amino polysaccharide mostly derived from crustaceans, has been recently highlighted for its biological activities that depend on its molecular weight (MW),... (Review)
Review
Chitosan, an amino polysaccharide mostly derived from crustaceans, has been recently highlighted for its biological activities that depend on its molecular weight (MW), degree of deacetylation (DD), and acetylation pattern (AP). More importantly, for some advanced biomaterials, the homogeneity of the chitosan structure is an important factor in determining its biological activity. Here we review emerging enzymes and cell factories, respectively, for in vitro and in vivo preparation of chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs), focusing on advances in the analysis of the AP and structural modification of chitosan to tune its functions. By 'mapping' current knowledge on chitosan's in vitro and in vivo activity with its MW and AP, this work could pave the way for future studies in the field.
Topics: Chitosan; Biocompatible Materials
PubMed: 36535818
DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.11.009 -
International Journal of Biological... Nov 2022The necessity for non-chemical approaches has grown as awareness of the dangers posed by pesticides has spread. Chitosan, due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability,... (Review)
Review
The necessity for non-chemical approaches has grown as awareness of the dangers posed by pesticides has spread. Chitosan, due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity is one the effective choice in phytopathology. Chitosan is a biopolymer that reduces plant diseases through two main mechanisms: (1) Direct antimicrobial function against pathogens, including plasma membrane damage mechanisms, interactions with DNA and RNA (electrostatic interactions), metal chelating capacity, and deposition onto the microbial surface, (2) Induction of plant defense responses resulting from downstream signalling, transcription factor activation, gene transcription and finally cellular activation after recognition and binding of chitin and chitosan by cell surface receptors. This biopolymer have potential with capability to combating fungi, bacteria, and viruses phythopathogens. Chitosan is synthesized by deacetylating chitin. The degree of deacetylation and molecular weight of chitosan are variable and have been mentioned as important structural parameters in chitosan's biological properties. Chitosan with a higher degree of deacetylation (>70 %) has better biological properties. Many crops able to withstand pre- and post-harvest illnesses better after receiving chitosan as a seed treatment, soil amendment, or foliar spray. This review discussed the properties and use of chitosan and focuses on its application as a plant resistance inducer against pathogens.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Chitin; Chitosan; Crops, Agricultural; DNA; Pesticides; Plant Diseases; RNA; Soil; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 35988725
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.109 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Jan 2024Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide from chitin, shows promise as a biomaterial for various biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability,... (Review)
Review
Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide from chitin, shows promise as a biomaterial for various biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, antibacterial activity, and ease of modification. This review overviews "chitosan scaffolds" use in diverse biomedical applications. It emphasizes chitosan's structural and biological properties and explores fabrication methods like gelation, electrospinning, and 3D printing, which influence scaffold architecture and mechanical properties. The review focuses on chitosan scaffolds in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, highlighting their role in bone, cartilage, skin, nerve, and vascular tissue regeneration, supporting cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Investigations into incorporating bioactive compounds, growth factors, and nanoparticles for improved therapeutic effects are discussed. The review also examines chitosan scaffolds in drug delivery systems, leveraging their prolonged release capabilities and ability to encapsulate medicines for targeted and controlled drug delivery. Moreover, it explores chitosan's antibacterial activity and potential for wound healing and infection management in biomedical contexts. Lastly, the review discusses challenges and future objectives, emphasizing the need for improved scaffold design, mechanical qualities, and understanding of interactions with host tissues. In summary, chitosan scaffolds hold significant potential in various biological applications, and this review underscores their promising role in advancing biomedical science.
Topics: Chitosan; Tissue Scaffolds; Biocompatible Materials; Tissue Engineering; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37940287
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121394 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023Chitosan-based nanoparticles (chitosan-based nanocomposites; chitosan nanoparticles; ChNPs) are promising materials that are receiving a lot of attention in the last... (Review)
Review
Chitosan-based nanoparticles (chitosan-based nanocomposites; chitosan nanoparticles; ChNPs) are promising materials that are receiving a lot of attention in the last decades. ChNPs have great potential as nanocarriers. They are able to encapsulate drugs as well as active compounds and deliver them to a specific place in the body providing a controlled release. In the article, an overview has been made of the most frequently used preparation methods, and the developed applications in medicine. The presentation of the most important information concerning ChNPs, especially chitosan's properties in drug delivery systems (DDS), as well as the method of NPs production was quoted. Additionally, the specification and classification of the NPs' morphological features determined their application together with the methods of attaching drugs to NPs. The latest scientific reports of the DDS using ChNPs administered orally, through the eye, on the skin and transdermally were taken into account.
Topics: Chitosan; Drug Delivery Systems; Nanoparticles; Drug Carriers
PubMed: 36838951
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041963 -
Macromolecular Bioscience May 2021Nanomedicine has gained much attention for the management and treatment of cancers due to the distinctive physicochemical properties of the drug-loaded particles.... (Review)
Review
Nanomedicine has gained much attention for the management and treatment of cancers due to the distinctive physicochemical properties of the drug-loaded particles. Chitosan's cationic nature is attractive for the development of such particles for drug delivery, transfection, and controlled release. The particle properties can be improved by modification of the polymer or the particle themselves. The physicochemical properties of chitosan particles are analyzed in 126 recent studies, which allows to highlight their impact on passive and active targeted drug delivery, cellular uptake, and tumor growth inhibition (TGI). From 2012 to 2019, out of 40 in vivo studies, only 4 studies are found reporting a reduction in tumor size by using chitosan particles while all other studies reported tumor growth inhibition relative to controls. A total of 23 studies are analyzed for cellular uptake including 12 studies reporting cellular uptake mechanisms. Understanding and exploiting the processes involved in targeted delivery, endocytosis, and exocytosis by controlling the physicochemical properties of chitosan particles are important for the development of safe and efficient nanomedicine. It is concluded based on the recent literature available on chitosan particles that combination therapies can play a pivotal role in transformation of chitosan nanomedicine from bench to bedside.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Body Fluids; Chitosan; Drug Delivery Systems; Endocytosis; Humans; Nanomedicine; Neoplasms; Particle Size; Surface Properties
PubMed: 33738977
DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100005 -
International Journal of Biological... Apr 2023Currently, chitosan (CHT) is well known for its uses, particularly in veterinary and agricultural fields. However, chitosan's uses suffer greatly due to its extremely... (Review)
Review
Currently, chitosan (CHT) is well known for its uses, particularly in veterinary and agricultural fields. However, chitosan's uses suffer greatly due to its extremely solid crystalline structure, it is insoluble at pH levels above or equal to 7. This has sped up the process of derivatizing and depolymerizing it into low molecular weight chitosan (LMWCHT). As a result of its diverse physicochemical as well as biological features which include antibacterial activity, non-toxicity, and biodegradability, LMWCHT has evolved into new biomaterials with extremely complex functions. The most important physicochemical and biological property is antibacterial, which has some degree of industrialization today. CHT and LMWCHT have potential due to the antibacterial and plant resistance-inducing properties when applied in crop production. This study has highlighted the many advantages of chitosan derivatives as well as the most recent studies on low molecular weight chitosan applications in crop development.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biocompatible Materials; Chitosan; Crop Production
PubMed: 36871686
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123858