-
Neurogastroenterology and Motility Dec 2018Chronic constipation affects 14%-17% of the population. Elobixibat, a novel, ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor, has been approved as a new chronic...
BACKGROUND
Chronic constipation affects 14%-17% of the population. Elobixibat, a novel, ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor, has been approved as a new chronic constipation drug in Japan in January 2018. The present study aimed to examine the pharmacological effects of elobixibat on colonic motility in conscious dogs using a telemetry system.
METHODS
Six male beagle dogs were surgically implanted with strain gauge force transducers for gastrointestinal (GI) motility recording. The motility index was calculated from GI motility at each recording site in conscious and nonrestraint dogs. The fasted dogs were orally administered elobixibat (3, 10, or 30 mg kg ) or 30 mg kg of sennoside as positive control or vehicle using a crossover design and washout period of more than 6 days. One hour after drug administration, the dogs were fed chow, and GI motility and defecation were observed for 10 hours; GI motility was quantified to calculate giant migrating contractions (GMCs). Fecal bile acids (BAs) were determined as well.
KEY RESULTS
Elobixibat and sennoside significantly increased the number of defecations, fecal wet weight, and water content within 10 hours after administration. Elobixibat dose-dependently decreased the time to first bowel movement, increased the amount of total fecal BAs, and rapidly induced mild GMCs during defecation; however, higher strength of GMCs was observed with sennoside.
CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCE
Elobixibat induces bowel movements faster than sennoside through a different mechanism. Elobixibat locally inhibits IBAT in the ileal lumen, leading to elevated fecal BAs in the colon and induced mild GMCs during defecation.
Topics: Animals; Consciousness; Defecation; Dipeptides; Dogs; Gastrointestinal Agents; Ileum; Male; Myoelectric Complex, Migrating; Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent; Symporters; Thiazepines
PubMed: 30129138
DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13448 -
Techniques in Coloproctology Mar 2015
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Biological Evolution; Defecation; Hominidae; Humans
PubMed: 25579878
DOI: 10.1007/s10151-014-1264-3 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Oct 2011Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans by blood-sucking triatomine insects. This disease is endemic throughout Mexico...
Feeding and defecation behavior of Triatoma rubida (Uhler, 1894) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under laboratory conditions, and its potential role as a vector of Chagas disease in Arizona, USA.
Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans by blood-sucking triatomine insects. This disease is endemic throughout Mexico and Central and South America, but only a few autochthonous cases have been reported in the United States, despite the fact that infected insects readily invade houses and feed on humans. Competent vectors defecate during or shortly after feeding so that infective feces contact the host. We thus studied the feeding and defecation behaviors of the prevalent species in southern Arizona, Triatoma rubida. We found that whereas defecation during feeding was frequent in females (93%), it was very rare in immature stages (3%), and absent in males. Furthermore, more than half of the immature insects that exhibited multiple feeding bouts (62%) defecated during interruptions of feeding, i.e., while likely on or near the host. These results indicate that T. rubida potentially could transmit T. cruzi to humans.
Topics: Animals; Arizona; Chagas Disease; Defecation; Disease Vectors; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Triatoma
PubMed: 21976567
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0137 -
Acta Tropica Mar 1977A comparative laboratory study of feeding and defecation behavior of three species of tritomines (Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma infestans and T. dimidiata) indicated...
A comparative laboratory study of feeding and defecation behavior of three species of tritomines (Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma infestans and T. dimidiata) indicated evident differences among the species and among the different stages of same species. Time required for a full blood meal was related to the size of the specimen. Insects required an average of 11-28 min for engorgement although some finished within 10 min. T. dimidata frequently interrupted the act of feeding, a probable explanation of the higher number of defecations before finishing a blood meal observed in the species. R. prolixus was superior to the other two species in number of defecating insects and in rapidity and frequency of defecations within a given time. T. dimidiata was inferior in all three parameters and T. infestans was intermediate. Males of all species tended to be less effective. A "defecation index" is proposed for comparing this different behavior in triatomine specimens under standard conditions. Effectivity of the insects according to the measured parameters is discussed in relation to the prevalence of Chagas' disease in those areas where they are principal vectors.
Topics: Animals; Blood; Defecation; Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Rhodnius; Time Factors; Triatoma; Triatominae
PubMed: 16468
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Journal of Physiology May 1998We evaluated the possibility that serotonin (5-HT) mediates defecation induced by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) exogenously administered or released from the...
We evaluated the possibility that serotonin (5-HT) mediates defecation induced by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) exogenously administered or released from the central nervous system by stress via the 5-HT3 receptor in rats. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of CRH (1, 3, and 10 micrograms/rat) dose dependently increased the number of stools excreted in rats, whereas intravenous (i.v.) injection of up to 100 micrograms/kg CRH did not affect defecation. alpha-Helical CRH-(9-41) and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists ramosetron and azasetron inhibited CRH (10 micrograms i.c.v.)-induced defecation in a dose-dependent manner with ED50 values of 4.3 micrograms/kg i.v., 3.8 micrograms/kg p.o., and 70.4 micrograms/kg p.o., respectively. alpha-Helical CRH-(9-41) also inhibited CRH-induced defecation by i.c.v. injection with an ED50 value of 0.078 microgram/rat. In contrast, ramosetron and azasetron injected i.c.v. had no effect on CRH-induced defecation. alpha-Helical CRH-(9-41), ramosetron, and azasetron reduced defecation caused by restraint stress with ED50 values of 0.32, 3.6, and 19.7 micrograms/kg i.v., respectively. These results indicate that CRH exogenously administered or released from the central nervous system by stress peripherally promotes the release of 5-HT, which in turn stimulates defecation through the 5-HT3 receptor.
Topics: Animals; Benzimidazoles; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Defecation; Hormone Antagonists; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Oxazines; Peptide Fragments; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Serotonin; Restraint, Physical; Serotonin Antagonists; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 9612262
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.5.G827 -
Physiology & Behavior May 1993The effect of atropine on defecation threshold was compared to placebo pre- and postprandially in four 20- to 30-kg pigs. Stepwise balloon distention was performed 10 cm...
The effect of atropine on defecation threshold was compared to placebo pre- and postprandially in four 20- to 30-kg pigs. Stepwise balloon distention was performed 10 cm from the anal verge with a 5-cm latex balloon. Volume was increased in steps of 10 ml up to 200 ml of air or until the balloon was defecated (defecation threshold). Dependent measures were balloon volume, rectal pressure, rectal compliance, and an index of distention-induced contractile activity. Under placebo conditions, the volume and pressure to elicit defecation were significantly lower after feeding (p < 0.05). The distention-induced contractile activity significantly increased near the defecation threshold, but pre- and postprandial conditions were not different. No differences were seen between pre- and postprandial rectal compliance curves. Atropine abolished the postprandial decrease in defecation threshold, but did not affect rectal compliance. The increase in contractile activity at defecation threshold seen with placebo was abolished by atropine. These results show that eating lowers the defecation threshold in terms of distention volume and rectal pressure, and demonstrate that these changes are mediated through cholinergic pathways.
Topics: Animals; Atropine; Cholinergic Fibers; Defecation; Eating; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility; Rectum; Sensory Thresholds; Swine; Swine, Miniature
PubMed: 8511197
DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(93)90287-p -
International Journal of Hygiene and... May 2023Disposable diapers are becoming increasingly popular and present an emerging challenge for global waste management, particularly within LMICs. They offer a cheap and... (Review)
Review
Disposable diapers are becoming increasingly popular and present an emerging challenge for global waste management, particularly within LMICs. They offer a cheap and convenient way for caregivers to manage child excreta; however, insufficient understanding of safe disposal methods, combined with limited access to waste management services results in hazardous disposal. Used diapers are being increasingly found dumped in the open environment, including in water bodies and in open fields, leading to faecal contamination of the environment and an enhanced risk of transmission of faecal-oral diseases such as cholera and typhoid. United Nations SDG 6 aims to end open defaecation globally by 2030; however, improper disposal of used diapers will hamper progress towards reaching this goal. In this review, we identify current trends in use and subsequent disposal of single use disposable diapers in LMICs, and critically discuss the environmental and public health impacts of current practices, and potential solutions to address these challenges. Contemporary methods for managing the disposal of single use diapers for communities in LMICs tend to be cost prohibitive with few alternative options other than dumping in the environment. Modern cloth diapers offer a low waste alternative to disposable diapers but often carry an unaffordable high upfront cost. Here, in addition to advocating improved efforts by governments to upgrade access and quality of waste management services, we recommend the design and implementation of intervention schemes aimed to increase awareness of safe and hygienic disposal practices for disposable diapers.
Topics: Child; Humans; Defecation; Waste Management
PubMed: 37094389
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114171 -
Proceedings of the Institution of... Apr 2019Constipation is an important issue that has impact on quality of life and health expenses of the elderly. It may lead to many other gastrointestinal disorders like colon... (Review)
Review
Constipation is an important issue that has impact on quality of life and health expenses of the elderly. It may lead to many other gastrointestinal disorders like colon cancer, haemorrhoids, anal fissures and so on. Squatting is considered to be the natural, traditional and most widely followed posture for defecation and hence, it is one of the practical solutions for avoiding constipation. Musculoskeletal issues due to ageing and changes in lifestyle make it difficult for the elder population to follow squatting or semi-squatting posture for defecation. Developing assistive devices to overcome older people's difficulty to attain squatting or semi-squatting posture is one of the research areas which need to be explored further. This review covers various designs of such devices which will enable a user to attain 'semi-squatting' posture to defecate and also addresses various challenges and limitations to overcome.
Topics: Aged; Constipation; Defecation; Equipment Design; Humans; Lower Extremity; Posture; Self-Help Devices
PubMed: 30898031
DOI: 10.1177/0954411919838644 -
Colorectal Disease : the Official... Feb 2006An international working party was convened in Rome, Italy on 16-17 June, 2005, with the purpose of developing a consensus on the application of the circular stapling...
An international working party was convened in Rome, Italy on 16-17 June, 2005, with the purpose of developing a consensus on the application of the circular stapling instrument to the treatment of certain rectal conditions, the so-called Stapled Transanal Rectal Resection (STARR). Since the procedure has been submitted to only limited objective analysis it was felt prudent to hold a meeting of interested individuals for the purpose of evaluating the current status and to make conclusions and recommendations concerning the applicability of this new approach.
Topics: Constipation; Defecation; Humans; Rectum; Surgical Stapling
PubMed: 16412068
DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2005.00941.x -
The American Journal of Tropical... Oct 2009The importance of Rhodnius nasutus in the transmission of Chagas disease in northeastern Brazil was investigated regarding feeding and defecation patterns of this...
The importance of Rhodnius nasutus in the transmission of Chagas disease in northeastern Brazil was investigated regarding feeding and defecation patterns of this triatomine under laboratory conditions. An average of 30 samples were studied for each instar, from fourth-instar nymphs onward. On average, 86.4% started feeding after less than 10 minutes. In terms of the duration of feeding, 53.3% of fourth instar nymphs, 81.9% of fifth-instar nymphs, 21.9% of males, and 36.7% of females fed for more than 15 minutes. In all groups, there were insects that defecated and urinated during feeding; adult males defecated the most and fourth instar nymphs defecated the least. The results demonstrate that R. nasutus may be considered an efficient T. cruzi vector because it avidly searches for a food source, has a lengthy feeding time with low probability of interruption during feeding, and achieves a high percentage of engorgement.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Chagas Disease; Defecation; Endemic Diseases; Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Nymph; Rhodnius
PubMed: 19815881
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2009.08-0590