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International Journal of Colorectal... May 2004The role of intrinsic pouch motility after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) during defecation is still speculative.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
The role of intrinsic pouch motility after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) during defecation is still speculative.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
IPAA was performed in 12 dogs. Defecation mechanisms were evaluated by motility recordings during spontaneous defecation and during expulsion of an endoluminal balloon and by radiography with sequential sector-related gray scale analysis.
RESULTS
Spontaneous defecations appeared without significant changes in electrical or mechanical activity of the pouch. Sequential filling of the pouch led to defecation in only seven dogs while the others did not succeed in emptying their pouch even with maximal balloon inflation. Neither strain gauge measurements nor electromyography demonstrated peristaltic contractions of the pouch during defecation while sector-related gray scale analysis revealed strong contractions of the abdominal wall during pouch emptying.
CONCLUSION
Pouch emptying is independent of intrinsic pouch motility. The ileoanal pouch acts as a functionally passive reservoir, and its evacuation is initiated by a rise of the intra-abdominal pressure.
Topics: Anal Canal; Animals; Defecation; Dogs; Electromyography; Gastrointestinal Motility; Manometry; Proctocolectomy, Restorative; Radiography
PubMed: 14534801
DOI: 10.1007/s00384-003-0540-x -
Gut Jun 1992Because the range of bowel habits and stool types in the community is unknown we questioned 838 men and 1059 women, comprising 72.2% of a random stratified sample of the...
Because the range of bowel habits and stool types in the community is unknown we questioned 838 men and 1059 women, comprising 72.2% of a random stratified sample of the East Bristol population. Most of them kept records of three consecutive defecations, including stool form on a validated six point scale ranging from hard, round lumps to mushy. Questionnaire responses agreed moderately well with recorded data. Although the most common bowel habit was once daily this was a minority practice in both sexes; a regular 24 hour cycle was apparent in only 40% of men and 33% of women. Another 7% of men and 4% of women seemed to have a regular twice or thrice daily bowel habit. Thus most people had irregular bowels. A third of women defecated less often than daily and 1% once a week or less. Stools at the constipated end of the scale were passed more often by women than men. In women of child bearing age bowel habit and the spectrum of stool types were shifted towards constipation and irregularity compared with older women and three cases of severe slow transit constipation were discovered in young women. Otherwise age had little effect on bowel habit or stool type. Normal stool types, defined as those least likely to evoke symptoms, accounted for only 56% of all stools in women and 61% in men. Most defecations occurred in the early morning and earlier in men than in women. We conclude that conventionally normal bowel function is enjoyed by less than half the population and that, in this aspect of human physiology, younger women are especially disadvantaged.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Defecation; Feces; Female; Gastrointestinal Transit; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Sex Factors; Time Factors
PubMed: 1624166
DOI: 10.1136/gut.33.6.818 -
Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology Jun 1991Constipation is a collective term with different definitions and manifestations. In the present communication, I hope to shed light on the pathogenesis, investigation,...
Constipation is a collective term with different definitions and manifestations. In the present communication, I hope to shed light on the pathogenesis, investigation, and treatment of these manifestations. The levator ani is the principal muscle of defecation; together with anorectal reflex actions, it conducts the act of defecation. Strainodynia is the term I give to excessive and exhaustive straining at defecation. Band strainodynia has normal stool character but elevated rectal neck pressure due to the presence of a fibrous band in the rectal neck. Diet strainodynia presents with lower stool weight and frequency than normal; the internal anal sphincter is fibrous. The stools in levator strainodynia have been repeatedly obstructed at defecation due to levator dysfunction. Idiopathic oligofecorrhea or infrequent defecation was studied in 146 patients. Three stages could be identified: the deep and the everted intersphincteric groove and the cone anus. Fecoflowmetry is introduced as a new method for investigating anorectal disorders. It measures the defecated volume per time unit, and provides quantitative as well as qualitative data concerning the act of defecation. Changes in the fecal flow parameters or curve configuration from normal point to a defecation disorder.
Topics: Adult; Anal Canal; Constipation; Defecation; Feces; Humans; Middle Aged
PubMed: 2066542
DOI: 10.1097/00004836-199106000-00004 -
Digestive and Liver Disease : Official... Feb 2006Available information on normal bowel habits was mainly gathered by means of telephone interviews or mailed questionnaires.
BACKGROUND
Available information on normal bowel habits was mainly gathered by means of telephone interviews or mailed questionnaires.
AIMS
We undertook a prospective study to evaluate the defecatory habits in subjects perceiving themselves as normal concerning this function.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
A questionnaire (4-week diary with "yes-no" daily answers to six questions concerning bowel habits) was distributed to 204 subjects perceiving their defecation behaviour as normal.
RESULTS
The completed questionnaire was returned by 140 subjects. No significant differences were found between sexes or age groups for any variable, even though straining at stool and feeling of incomplete and/or difficult evacuation showed a trend to increase with age. No subject had less than three bowel movements per week or more than three per day. The percentage of symptoms linked to an abnormal defecatory behaviour was well below 10%. Fifty-five percent of subjects reported at least one parameter of abnormal functioning; the most frequent was straining at stool and the rarer was the manual manoeuvres to help defecation.
CONCLUSIONS
In normal subjects the prevalence of symptoms considered in Rome II criteria as part of an abnormal defecatory behaviour (in more than 25% of defecations) is well below 10%, manual manoeuvres are almost never used to help defecation, and the frequency of defecations is at least three per week.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Defecation; Female; Humans; Male; Medical Records; Prospective Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 16263343
DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2005.09.022 -
American Journal of Obstetrics and... Jan 2003The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of in utero defecation as a normal function in the human fetus.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of in utero defecation as a normal function in the human fetus.
STUDY DESIGN
The anuses of 240 fetuses were studied sonographically between weeks 15 and 41 of gestation. Fetal defecation was defined as the expulsion of rectal contents through the anus into the amniotic fluid. The diameter and area of the anus were measured sonographically at times of maximum anal aperture.
RESULTS
One or more defecations were documented in all fetuses. The frequency of defecations was highest between week 28 and 34 of gestation.
CONCLUSION
This study confirms that defecation in utero is a normal function and supports the view that the evacuation of rectal contents into the amniotic fluid is no departure from normal fetal physiologic behavior.
Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Anal Canal; Defecation; Female; Fetus; Gestational Age; Humans; Pregnancy; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 12548210
DOI: 10.1067/mob.2003.107 -
Physiology & Behavior Aug 1989Neuroleptics, such as haloperidol, have been found to produce dysphoria, anxiety and akathisia in humans. In animals, these effects have rarely been reported since the...
Neuroleptics, such as haloperidol, have been found to produce dysphoria, anxiety and akathisia in humans. In animals, these effects have rarely been reported since the decreased movement produced by these drugs can confound the study of many behavioral indices of emotionality. In fact, most investigators have found a decrease in emotional defecation in rats given neuroleptics in novel environments, supporting their action as a major tranquilizer. We have found, however, that in rats a profound increase in emotional defecation can result from haloperidol administration in well habituated environments, such as the homecage. In male rats, defecation was measured for a one hour test period following various doses of the neuroleptic, pimozide, and the dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine. Apomorphine and pimozide (a dopamine receptor antagonist) were both found to increase levels of fecal boli excretions. In addition, when apomorphine was combined with haloperidol, defecation levels were also increased suggesting that this phenomenon is not directly mediated by dopamine receptors. It is suggested that this drug-induced defecation is a consequence of the agent's interaction with the affective state of the animal, creating a dysphoric or anxious state in the animal.
Topics: Animals; Apomorphine; Behavior, Animal; Defecation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Emotions; Haloperidol; Male; Pimozide; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains
PubMed: 2602459
DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90256-4 -
Acta Gastro-enterologica Belgica 2018Although several factors are thought to be responsible for the development of colonic diverticulosis (CD), the underlying pathogenesis is still obscure and needs... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS
Although several factors are thought to be responsible for the development of colonic diverticulosis (CD), the underlying pathogenesis is still obscure and needs clarification. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, location and clinical features of CD and especially to detect whether there is an association between CD and postures during defecation.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
This prospective study enrolled 757 patients. The subjects were divided into two groups as a diverticulosis group (D group, n:95) and non-diverticulosis group (non-D group, n:662).
RESULTS
The median patient age was 54.9±13.2 years. CD frequency was 12.5% (n:95). The most commonly involved part of the colon was the sigmoid colon (56.8%). Diverticula location was on the left in 45.3% (n:43), on the right in 24.2% (n:23) and on both sides of the colon in 30.5% (n:29). Patients in the D group were older (p<0.001) and were predominantly female (p:0.04). The frequency of sitting during defecation (Western type toilet) was higher in the D group compared to the non-D group (72.2% vs 53.5%; p:0.007). The use-time of a Western-type toilet was longer in the D group compared to the non-D group (p:0.04). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, age and toilet type were independent risk factors for the development of diverticulosis.
CONCLUSION
Sitting during defecation seems to increase the risk of CD.
Topics: Defecation; Diverticulosis, Colonic; Female; Humans; Posture; Prevalence; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 30645917
DOI: No ID Found -
The Science of the Total Environment Apr 2024Outdoor defecation by people experiencing homelessness is frequently perceived as a potentially large source of human fecal pollution and a significant source of health...
Outdoor defecation by people experiencing homelessness is frequently perceived as a potentially large source of human fecal pollution and a significant source of health risk in urban waterbodies with recreational contact. The goal of this study was to count the number of people experiencing homelessness and quantifies their sanitation habits in an urban river corridor setting, then use this information for estimating human fecal pollutant loading on a watershed scale. Two types of census counts were conducted including periodic point-in-time counts over six years and weekly counts of encampments. While the population census varied from count-to-count, the range of population estimates in the river corridor varied from 109 to 349 individuals during the six-year span, which mirrored the weekly counts of encampments. A face-to-face survey of people experiencing homelessness assessed the sanitation habits of the unsheltered population (N = 63), including outdoor defecation frequency and containment practices. Overall, 95 % of survey respondents reported defecating outdoors; 36 % practiced outdoor defecation between 4 and 7 days/week and 27 % practiced outdoor defecation <1 day/week. Of those that did practice outdoor defecation, 75 % contained their feces in a bucket or bag, thereby limiting fecal material contributions to the river; 6.7 % reported defecating on low ground near the river that could wash off when flood waters rise during a storm event. Only a single survey respondent reported defecating directly into the river. Based on literature values for average HF183 output for an adult human, and the average rainfall in the urban watershed, the total watershed contribution of HF183 averaged 1.2 × 10 gene copies per storm event (95 % CI: 0.9 × 10-1.6 × 10) along the 41 km stretch of river in this study. This human fecal loading estimate is at least two orders of magnitude less than cumulative HF183 loading from all human sources measured at the bottom of the watershed.
Topics: Humans; Water Quality; Defecation; Environmental Monitoring; Water Microbiology; Feces; Water Pollution
PubMed: 38336079
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170708 -
Medicine Feb 2022We examined whether synbiotics enhance improvement by probiotics. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
GOALS
We examined whether synbiotics enhance improvement by probiotics.
BACKGROUND
Probiotics, which are beneficial microbacteria, are a nutritional intervention for treatment of functional constipation or its tendency. Prebiotics, meanwhile, can promote the proliferation of probiotics in the gastrointestinal tract and enhance their beneficial effects. Synbiotics, a combination of probiotics and prebiotics, may be superior to probiotics in the treatment of defecation-related symptoms, but this requires elucidation.
STUDY
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolled 69 healthy adults with constipation tendency. Participants were allocated to either control, probiotics, or synbiotics groups and they recorded details of their defecations and their condition. The first 2 weeks were the observation period and the latter 2 weeks were the intervention period, in which participants took test foods. Probiotic foods included Bifidobacterium longum NT strain (1010 CFU/day), synbiotic foods included the NT strain (1010 CFU/day) and galactooligosaccharide (1 g/day). Placebo foods contained the vehicle only. Participants answered questionnaires (Patient Assessment on Constipation Symptoms [PAC-SYM], and one on dietary history) on the last day of each period.
RESULTS
Nine participants withdrew consent, and 2 of the remaining 60 had missing data. Age, body mass index, and sex were not significantly different between the 3 groups. Frequency of bowel movements in the fourth week, the primary endpoint, was not increased in the probiotics or synbiotics groups compared with the control group, and the frequency of bowel movements and days with defecation were not changed by probiotics or synbiotics during the intervention period. Probiotics and synbiotics did not improve stool conditions, although incomplete defecation was improved by probiotics but not by synbiotics compared with placebo. PAC-SYM indicated that stool condition and total scores were improved by probiotics but not by synbiotics during the intervention compared with placebo.
CONCLUSION
The probiotic strain Bifidobacterium longum NT can improve constipation symptoms, especially stool condition, but it does not increase bowel movement frequency in healthy adults with constipation tendency. Synbiotics treatment seemed to diminish this improvement of constipation induced by probiotics. This study indicates the possibility of attenuation of beneficial effects from probiotics by the use of synbiotics, contrary to synbiotics theory.
Topics: Adult; Bifidobacterium longum; Constipation; Defecation; Double-Blind Method; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Synbiotics; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 35212286
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000028858 -
Surgery Jun 2010The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intracolonic capsaicin on colonic motility and defecation.
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intracolonic capsaicin on colonic motility and defecation.
METHODS
The effects of capsaicin (1, 2, 5, and 10 mg) administrated into the proximal colon on ileocolonic motility and defecation were studied in neurally intact dogs with or without various antagonists (atropine, hexamethonium, ondansetron, propranolol, and FK224), dogs with extrinsic denervation of an ileocolonic segment, and dogs with enterically isolated ileocolonic loops equipped with strain gauge force transducers.
RESULTS
Capsaicin at 5 and 10 mg evoked giant migrating contractions in a dose-independent manner, and it induced defecations with more than 90% probability in neurally intact dogs. These effects of capsaicin were abolished by atropine and hexamethonium. Ondansetron inhibited the capsaicin-induced increase in colonic motility but did not affect the induction of defecation. The other antagonists had no effect. In dogs with extrinsic denervation, capsaicin did not evoke giant migrating contractions in the colon but still induced defecation in 30-40% of experiments. In dogs with ileocolonic loops, capsaicin did not stimulate colonic motility nor induce defecation.
CONCLUSION
These results indicate that intracolonic capsaicin causes giant migrating contractions and defecation. Intact extrinsic innervation, continuity of the colon, and intraluminal contents were considered necessary for this effect.
Topics: Animals; Atropine; Capsaicin; Colon; Consciousness; Defecation; Denervation; Dogs; Gastrointestinal Motility; Hexamethonium; Ileum; Nicotinic Antagonists; Ondansetron; Serotonin Antagonists
PubMed: 20079916
DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.11.019