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International Urogynecology Journal Feb 2011
Topics: Defecation; Female; Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; Humans
PubMed: 20967419
DOI: 10.1007/s00192-010-1292-0 -
Surgery Annual 1994
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Scientific Reports Jul 2020By defecating grasses into aquatic systems at massive scales and intensities, hippos can initiate complex changes to aquatic ecosystems. However, consequent effects on...
By defecating grasses into aquatic systems at massive scales and intensities, hippos can initiate complex changes to aquatic ecosystems. However, consequent effects on food webs are not well understood, particularly regarding shifts in basal resource contributions to consumer diets and their physiological condition. Here, we use fatty acid analysis to show that dense hippo aggregations and high dung loading are associated with (1) alterations to basal resource pools, (2) reduced quality of sediment organic matter and (3) increases in terrestrial and bacterial biomarker levels, but declines in those of diatoms in estuarine secondary consumers. While hippo defecation can increase boundary permeability between terrestrial and aquatic systems, our findings indicate that this may lead to a shift from a microphytobenthic food web base to one with increasing bacterial contributions to higher consumers. Our findings expand understanding of the mechanisms by which an iconic African megaherbivore indirectly structures aquatic ecosystems.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Artiodactyla; Biomarkers; Defecation; Ecosystem; Fatty Acids; Feces; Food Chain; Rivers
PubMed: 32694566
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68369-5 -
Journal of Epidemiology and Community... Jun 1994To investigate the association between where young children defecate, where stools are disposed of, and the presence of human stools on the ground in the compound and...
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association between where young children defecate, where stools are disposed of, and the presence of human stools on the ground in the compound and the rate of hospital admission with diarrhoea.
DESIGN
This was a case-control study with two control groups.
SETTING
The study took place in Bobo-Dioulasso, the second city of Burkina Faso in West Africa.
PARTICIPANTS
Three groups of children aged 36 months and under, and living in Bobo-Dioulasso were studied. Cases were 757 children admitted to hospital with symptoms of diarrhoea or dysentery. The first control group comprised 757 neighbourhood control children approximately matched on age and date of recruitment, and the second, 631 children admitted to the same hospital without symptoms of diarrhoea or dysentery.
MAIN RESULTS
There was no evidence of any association between where the child was reported to defecate and hospital admission with diarrhoea or dysentery (odds ratio = 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78, 1.57, cases v neighbourhood controls; odds ratio = 0.84; 95% CI 0.60, 1.18, cases v hospital controls). There was evidence of an association between where the mother reported disposing of the child's stools and hospital admission with diarrhoea or dysentery (odds ratio = 1.50; 95% CI 1.09, 2.06, cases v neighbourhood controls; odds ratio = 1.31; 95% CI 0.96, 1.79, cases v hospital controls). Human stools were more frequently observed in the yards of cases than controls (odds ratio = 1.38; 95% CI 0.98, 1.95, cases compared with neighbourhood controls; odds ratio = 1.33; 95% CI 0.96, 1.84, cases compared with hospital controls).
CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that it is not where the child defecates that matters but how the mother then deals with the child's stools.
Topics: Age Distribution; Burkina Faso; Case-Control Studies; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Culture; Defecation; Diarrhea; Dysentery; Feces; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Hygiene; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Maternal Behavior; Risk Factors; Sex Distribution; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 8051526
DOI: 10.1136/jech.48.3.270 -
Clinical and Translational... Dec 2019Defecation is a complex process that can be easily disturbed. Defecatory disorders may be diagnosed using specialized investigation, including anorectal manometry (ARM)... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
INTRODUCTION
Defecation is a complex process that can be easily disturbed. Defecatory disorders may be diagnosed using specialized investigation, including anorectal manometry (ARM) and the balloon expulsion test (BET). Recently, we developed a simulated stool named Fecobionics that integrates several tests and assesses pressures, orientation, and bending during evacuation. The aim was to evaluate the feasibility and performance of Fecobionics for assessing defecatory physiology in normal subjects.
METHODS
Physiological expulsion parameters were assessed in an interventional study design. The 10-cm-long Fecobionics probe contained pressure sensors at the front and rear and inside a bag and 2 motion processor units. The bag was distended in the rectum of 20 presumed normal subjects (15 female/5 male) until urge to defecate. ARM-BET was also performed. Three subjects used +2 minutes to evacuate BET, and 1 subject had a high fecal incontinence score. Therefore, the normal group consisted of 16 subjects (13 female/3 male aged 25-78 years).
RESULTS
All subjects reported that Fecobionics evacuation was similar to normal defecation. Fecobionics expulsion pressure signatures demonstrated 5 phases, reflecting rectal pressure, anal relaxation, and anal passage. Preload-afterload loop diagrams demonstrated clockwise contraction cycles. The expulsion duration for BET and Fecobionics was 16 ± 2 and 23 ± 5 seconds (P > 0.2), respectively. The duration of the Fecobionics and BET expulsions was associated (P < 0.001). The change in bending of Fecobionics during defecation was 40 ± 3°.
DISCUSSION
Fecobionics obtained reliable data under physiological conditions. Agreement was found for comparable variables between ARM-BET and Fecobionics but not for other variables. The study suggests that Fecobionics is safe and effective in evaluation of key defecatory parameters.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Constipation; Defecation; Feasibility Studies; Fecal Incontinence; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Manometry; Middle Aged; Rectum; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 31800543
DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000108 -
International Journal of Colorectal... Aug 1990
Review
Topics: Anal Canal; Defecation; Fecal Incontinence; Humans; Manometry; Pressure; Reference Values
PubMed: 2212849
DOI: 10.1007/BF00300413 -
Medical Hypotheses Jul 1990Cardio-vascular events at defecation are to a considerable degree the consequence of an unnatural (for a human being) seating defecation posture on a common toilet bowl...
Cardio-vascular events at defecation are to a considerable degree the consequence of an unnatural (for a human being) seating defecation posture on a common toilet bowl or bed pan. The excessive straining expressed in intensively repeated Valsalva Maneuvers is needed for emptying the bowels in sitting position. The Valsalva Maneuver adversely affecting the cardio-vascular system is the causative factor of defecation syncope and death. The cardio-vascular system of a healthy man withstands the intensive and repeated straining at defecation, while the compromised cardio-vascular system may fail resulting in syncope or even death. The squatting defecation posture is associated with reduced amounts of straining and may prevent many of these tragic cases.
Topics: Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Death, Sudden; Defecation; Humans; Posture; Pressure; Syncope; Valsalva Maneuver
PubMed: 2398836
DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(90)90128-2 -
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Sep 2017The relevance of several clinical and psychophysiological variables in the dyssynergic defecation in elderly subjects was investigated in this study. To accomplish this,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The relevance of several clinical and psychophysiological variables in the dyssynergic defecation in elderly subjects was investigated in this study. To accomplish this, 30 elderly subjects (10 without anorectal disorders, 10 with chronic constipation and 10 with dyssynergic defecation) were repeatedly assessed once per week for 4 weeks, with the following measures being collected at each session: EMG-activity (µV) of the external anal sphincter (at rest, during squeezing, and during straining to defecate), stool frequency, difficulty defecation level, pain grade during defecation, and satisfaction level after evacuation. A 3 (group) × 4 (sessions) mixed-measures MANOVA revealed a significant main effect for group (Wilks's lambda = 0.006; F = 28.45; p < 0.01), but not for sessions (Wilks's lambda = 0.874; F = 0.94; p > 0.05) or for the group x sessions interaction (Wilks's lambda = 0.811; F = 1.45; p > 0.05). One-way ANOVA and Scheffé's posthoc tests were used to isolate the differences between the groups with respect to the seven different measures. These analysis showed significant differences between the groups on all four clinical variables but only for one psychophysiological variable, EMG-activity during straining to defecate. Significant differences were evidenced between all pairs examined for the difficulty defecation level and pain grade. The complete results of these analysis are presented and the conclusions drawn from them are discussed.
Topics: Aged; Ataxia; Biofeedback, Psychology; Constipation; Defecation; Electromyography; Female; Humans; Male; Psychophysiology
PubMed: 28639056
DOI: 10.1007/s10484-017-9368-y -
Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 2017The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of biofeedback therapy in the treatment of dyssynergic defecation in chronically constipated community-dwelling... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
AIM OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of biofeedback therapy in the treatment of dyssynergic defecation in chronically constipated community-dwelling elderly women.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
After an initial assessment phase carried out during 1 month, 20 chronically constipated women with dyssynergic defecation were randomly assigned to either electromyographic biofeedback (EMG-BF) group (n=10) or control group (n=10). Outcome measures used to evaluate the efficacy of treatment were weekly stool frequency, sensation of incomplete evacuation, difficulty evacuation level, mean EMG-activity (μV) of the external anal sphincter during straining to defecate and Anismus index.
RESULTS
The results obtained in this randomized controlled trial showed significant differences between the groups in all the dependent variables after 1 month of treatment. Moreover, there was no difference between the groups neither in age nor in the duration of chronic constipation symptoms. At the follow-up, 3 months later, clinical gains were maintained.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that the EMG-BF is an effective behavioral therapy for the treatment of dyssynergic defecation in community-dwelling elderly women.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anal Canal; Biofeedback, Psychology; Constipation; Defecation; Electromyography; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 28059942
DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000794 -
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Dec 2009A randomized controlled trial was carried out with the purpose to determine the effectiveness of EMG-biofeedback in the treatment of chronically constipated elderly... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
A randomized controlled trial was carried out with the purpose to determine the effectiveness of EMG-biofeedback in the treatment of chronically constipated elderly patients with dyssynergic defecation as compared to a control condition characterized by information about the bowel functioning and counseling focused on the behavioural mechanisms involved in the defecation. With this purpose, after an initial assessment period (4 weeks), 30 chronically constipated elderly patients with dyssynergic defecation (11 males, 19 females) were randomly assigned to either EMG-biofeedback group (n = 15) or control group (n = 15). The results shown significant improvements in psychophysiological measures (EMG-activity during straining to defecate and anismus index), as well as in clinical variables (frequency of defecations per week, sensation of incomplete evacuation, difficulty evacuation level and perianal pain at defecation) only in the EMG-biofeedback group. The clinical benefits of this behavioural treatment were maintained at the follow-up period 2 months later.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis of Variance; Ataxia; Behavior Therapy; Biofeedback, Psychology; Chronic Disease; Constipation; Defecation; Electromyography; Female; Humans; Male; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 19618262
DOI: 10.1007/s10484-009-9100-7