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Seminars in Nuclear Medicine May 2011Conventional radiographic methods allow physicians to visualize bone structure. However, they do not offer information on the bone mineral density (BMD), which can... (Review)
Review
Conventional radiographic methods allow physicians to visualize bone structure. However, they do not offer information on the bone mineral density (BMD), which can facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Bone densitometry, by contrast, helps to detect bone mineral loss at an early stage because it provides accurate quantitative measurement of BMD. With an emphasis on quantification, shorter scanning time and precision, scientists have been developing BMD measurement devices that use absorption technique. They first developed single-energy absorptiometry (single-photon absorptiometry) by using I-125, which could measure BMD of peripheral bones. Single-photon absorptiometry was replaced by dual-energy absorptiometry (dual photon absorptiometry [DPA]) that used gadolinium-153. DPA had greater accuracy in measuring the BMD of central skeletal bones. Single-energy x-ray absorptiometry was also developed but it had limitations in measuring central skeletal BMD. In the mid-1980s, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was introduced and widely accepted for the early detection, treatment, and follow-up study of osteoporosis. There are several reasons for the popularity. DXA can measure BMD of posteroanterior spine and hip in a much shorter time than DPA while being capable of measuring BMD of peripheral bones. Other advantages include very low radiation doses to the patients, high image resolution, precision, and stable calibration of the instruments. In recent years, DXA has also been applied to lateral spine for the density of trabecular bone, to the whole body for the measurement of total body bone density and for the body composition, and to the spine for the vertebral fracture assessment. Still, posteroanterior spine and hip scans remain the most common applications of DXA because data on the normal range of BMD of the skeletal sites for different age, sex, and ethnic groups are compiled and made available with the devices, which gives the physician the advantage of an immediate diagnosis.
Topics: Bone Density; Bone and Bones; Delivery of Health Care; Densitometry; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 21440697
DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2010.12.002 -
Radiologic Technology 2009
Review
Topics: Bone Density; Bone and Bones; Densitometry; Humans; Radiography
PubMed: 19584371
DOI: No ID Found -
Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology Sep 2002Compared with adults, limited attention has been paid to bone densitometry in children. However, due to the recognition of the importance of peak bone mass and the... (Review)
Review
Compared with adults, limited attention has been paid to bone densitometry in children. However, due to the recognition of the importance of peak bone mass and the increased capabilities to treat children with diseases that affect bone growth and/or metabolism, bone densitometry is used more often in children. This article will discuss the available bone densitometry techniques and the limitations of their use in children. The article is concluded with a discussion on specific problems that can be encountered in pediatric bone densitometry.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Bone Density; Child; Densitometry; Humans; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 12541201
DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-36721 -
Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the... Sep 2022To investigate whether Pentacam densitometry readings are affected by corneal tilt.
PURPOSE
To investigate whether Pentacam densitometry readings are affected by corneal tilt.
METHODS
In a prospective study, the right eyes of 86 healthy participants aged 42.8 ± 20.0 years (range 18-79 years) were imaged using Scheimpflug tomography. Elevation maps were exported to calculate corneal tilt using custom-made software, and densitometry readings were acquired directly from the corneal densitometry analysis add-on to the standard software Oculus Pentacam HR. Simple mediation analysis was applied to study age as a confounding factor in the correlation between corneal tilt and corneal densitometry.
RESULTS
Corneal tilt and corneal densitometry are not independent from one another because age is significantly correlated with both corneal tilt (r = 0.50, p < 0.001) and corneal densitometry (r = 0.91, p < 0.001). Only 3.8% of the correlation between tilt and densitometry operates directly, while the remaining 96.2% depends on age.
CONCLUSIONS
Corneal tilt plays a role in corneal densitometry readings, even though the interaction is strongly influenced by age. Age is a well-known factor in densitometry readings that should be taken into consideration when interpreting Scheimpflug densitometry.
Topics: Cornea; Corneal Topography; Densitometry; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 35708180
DOI: 10.1111/opo.13020 -
European Radiology Apr 2003Due to the introduction of new therapeutic regimen aimed at increasing and maintaining bone mass, bone densitometry in children has gained interest. As in all new fields... (Review)
Review
Due to the introduction of new therapeutic regimen aimed at increasing and maintaining bone mass, bone densitometry in children has gained interest. As in all new fields of medicine we expect the interest in bone densitometry in children to increase in the coming years. Children pose a unique problem for those involved in the field of bone densitometry, because as time progresses the measured subject changes in shape and volume. It is therefore of importance that radiologists and clinicians gain insight in the available techniques. It is also important to keep in mind that all bone densitometry techniques have been exclusively designed, developed and validated for use in an adult population. In this article we give an overview of the available techniques and discuss the specific problems that can be expected when these techniques are used in children. In the discussion section general problems regarding bone densitometry in children are presented.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Bone Density; Child; Densitometry; Hand; Humans; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 12664106
DOI: 10.1007/s00330-002-1676-8 -
Biomedizinische Technik. Biomedical... Dec 2022Skin thickness, including the adipose layer, which varies from individual to individual, affects the bone density measurement using light. In this study, we proposed a...
Skin thickness, including the adipose layer, which varies from individual to individual, affects the bone density measurement using light. In this study, we proposed a method to measure skin thickness using light and to correct the bias caused by differences in skin thickness and verified the proposed method by experiments using a phantom. We measured simulated skin of different thicknesses and bovine trabecular bone of different bone mineral densities (BMDs) using an optical system consisting of lasers of 850 and 515 nm wavelengths, lenses, and slits. Although the slope of the light intensity distribution formed on the surface of the material when irradiated by the 850 nm laser is affected by the thickness of the skin phantom. The difference of the intensity distribution peaks (δ) between the 850 and 515 nm lasers was strongly correlated with the thickness of the skin phantom. The coefficient of determination between the measurements and the BMD was improved by correcting the 850 nm laser measurements with δ. This result suggests that the method is applicable to optical bone densitometry, which is insensitive to differences in skin thickness.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Bone Density; Skin; Phantoms, Imaging; Light; Densitometry
PubMed: 36102674
DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2021-0314 -
Cornea Feb 2021To report an observation made while performing Scheimpflug densitometry analysis on the corneal region affected in keratoconus (KC) that seems to delineate the base of...
PURPOSE
To report an observation made while performing Scheimpflug densitometry analysis on the corneal region affected in keratoconus (KC) that seems to delineate the base of the cone.
METHODS
Scheimpflug densitometries of 20 healthy subjects and 90 patients with KC were examined. Corneal densitometry was analyzed using both "1-layer" and "2-layer" approaches. The first considers the corneal transparency layer by layer at different depths, whereas the second averages densitometry between 2 corneal layers selected by the examiner. Fixed layers, 120 μm depth, and endothelium were selected. Repeated same-day scans and longitudinal series of scans were also evaluated to see whether the findings evolved over time.
RESULTS
Eighty-eight of 90 KC cases displayed a bright area on the densitometry map that corresponded to the cone location. The area's characteristics, such as its brightness, contrast, and the presence of a delimiting arc correlated with KC severity and was more noticeable in advanced cases. No similar marks were found in any of the normal subjects. The shape, location, and extent of the mark were consistent over consecutive measures taken on the same day. Changes over time were also seen in eyes with known clinical progression but was also seen in eyes considered clinically stable.
CONCLUSIONS
The densitometry mark seems to correspond with the zone most affected by KC and could be a supplementary tool for documenting KC stage, alongside conventional parameters. Further studies are required to ascertain whether it could prove useful in KC detection, to determine progression, and to relate it to corneal biomechanical behavior.
Topics: Adult; Cornea; Corneal Topography; Densitometry; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Keratoconus; Male; Reproducibility of Results; Tomography; Young Adult
PubMed: 33065713
DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000002458 -
Bone Nov 2017Bone densitometry (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry-DXA) is a vital medical tool needed for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in non-fractured patients; predicting future...
Bone densitometry (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry-DXA) is a vital medical tool needed for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in non-fractured patients; predicting future fracture risk; and monitoring bone mineral density (BMD) in untreated or treated patients. The history of the pivotal international society involved in the science and clinical interpretation of DXA, the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) is defined in this manuscript. Since DXA and Osteoporosis management are intimately linked, the ISCD has over the years developed strong bonds with both the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) and the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). The positive impact that ISCD has led in the proper performance and clinical interpretation of bone mass measurements has been enormous worldwide.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Bone Density; Densitometry; Fractures, Bone; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Osteoporosis; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 28587786
DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.06.002 -
Proceedings of the Society For... Jul 1989
Review
Topics: Bone and Bones; Densitometry; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Osteoporosis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 2662200
DOI: 10.3181/00379727-191-42918 -
Journal of the American College of... May 2007The Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD) Task Force on Bone Densitometry (H-30) was assigned by the Healing Arts Council on Emerging Issues to... (Review)
Review
The Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD) Task Force on Bone Densitometry (H-30) was assigned by the Healing Arts Council on Emerging Issues to address issues of bone densitometry. Issues for clarification included the practice of precision testing, in which multiple bone density determinations are performed on one patient; the use of quantitative computed tomographic (CT) densitometry; and radiation dose to patients and operators. This paper is a condensation of the white paper produced by the task force, which addresses the various methods of measuring bone density, the qualifications and responsibilities of personnel, the rationale for precision testing, and the doses patients and operators may receive. The white paper is available in its entirety on the CRCPD's Web site (http://crcpd.org).
Topics: Bone Density; Densitometry; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Quality Assurance, Health Care; Radiology; United States
PubMed: 17467615
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2007.01.021