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American Journal of Psychoanalysis 1978
Topics: Anxiety; Conflict, Psychological; Defense Mechanisms; Depersonalization; Humans; Psychoanalytic Theory; Psychoanalytic Therapy; Psychopathology; Regression, Psychology
PubMed: 736171
DOI: 10.1007/BF01253586 -
Psychiatry Research Nov 2003In contrast to the noradrenergic dysregulation described in PTSD, little is known regarding noradrenergic function in dissociative disorders. The purpose of this...
In contrast to the noradrenergic dysregulation described in PTSD, little is known regarding noradrenergic function in dissociative disorders. The purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate basal norepinephrine in depersonalization disorder (DPD). Nine subjects with DSM-IV DPD, without lifetime PTSD, were compared to nine healthy comparison (HC) subjects. Norepinephrine was measured via 24-h urine collection and three serial plasma determinations. Groups did not differ significantly in plasma norepinephrine levels. Compared to the HC group, the DPD group demonstrated significantly higher urinary norepinephrine, only prior to covarying for anxiety. The DPD group also demonstrated a highly significant inverse correlation between urinary norepinephrine and depersonalization severity (r=-0.88). Norepinephrine and cortisol levels (reported in a prior study) were not intercorrelated. We concluded that although dissociation accompanied by anxiety was associated with heightened noradrenergic tone, there was a marked basal norepinephrine decline with increasing severity of dissociation. The findings are in concordance with the few reports on autonomic blunting in dissociation and merit further investigation.
Topics: Adult; Arousal; Depersonalization; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Dissociative Disorders; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Male; Norepinephrine; Reference Values; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 14572626
DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00205-1 -
British Journal of Addiction Feb 1986
Topics: Adult; Depersonalization; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Recurrence; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
PubMed: 3485985
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1986.tb00306.x -
Journal of Trauma & Dissociation : the... 2011The purpose of this work was to study the potentially mediating role of certain dissociative factors, such as depersonalization, between self-focused attention and...
The purpose of this work was to study the potentially mediating role of certain dissociative factors, such as depersonalization, between self-focused attention and auditory hallucinations. A total of 59 patients diagnosed with schizophrenic disorder completed a self-focused attention scale ( M. F. Scheier & C. S. Carver, 1985 ), the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale (M. Sierra & G. E. Berrios, 2000), and the hallucination and delusion items on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (S. R. Kay, L. A. Opler, & J. P. Lindenmayer, 1988). The results showed that self-focused attention correlated positively with auditory hallucinations, with delusions, and with depersonalization. It was also demonstrated that depersonalization has a mediating role between self-focused attention and auditory hallucinations but not delusions. In the discussion, the importance of dissociative processes in understanding the formation and maintenance of auditory hallucinations is suggested.
Topics: Adult; Attention; Awareness; Cognitive Dissonance; Defense Mechanisms; Delusions; Depersonalization; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Internal-External Control; Male; Middle Aged; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychometrics; Schizophrenia, Paranoid; Schizophrenic Psychology
PubMed: 21967180
DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2011.602181 -
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Aug 1978Depersonalization is discussed and a brief outline of the primary symptoms is presented. The relationship between obsessionalism and depersonalization is reviewed in the...
Depersonalization is discussed and a brief outline of the primary symptoms is presented. The relationship between obsessionalism and depersonalization is reviewed in the literature, and subsequent similarities are presented. The intellectual obsessive depersonalization syndrome is postulated as a variant, and also as an exposition of what might occur in many other cases of depersonalization. Finally, a picture is presented which takes into account a strong component of obsessionalism in both the etiology and course of depersonalization.
Topics: Anxiety; Compulsive Personality Disorder; Depersonalization; Depression; Humans; Metaphysics; Models, Psychological; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Personality Disorders; Self Concept; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 696383
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1978.tb06931.x -
The Journal of Nervous and Mental... Sep 1998Depersonalization disorder comprises one of the four major dissociative disorders and yet remains poorly studied. There are no reports describing the application of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Depersonalization disorder comprises one of the four major dissociative disorders and yet remains poorly studied. There are no reports describing the application of dissociation scales to this population. Our goal was to investigate the applicability of four such scales to depersonalization disorder and to establish screening criteria for the disorder. Two general dissociation scales and two depersonalization scales were administered to 50 subjects with DSM-III-R depersonalization disorder and 20 healthy control subjects. The depersonalization disorder group scored significantly higher than the normal control group in all scales and subscales. Factor analysis of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) yielded three factors as proposed previously, absorption, amnesia, and depersonalization/derealization. A DES cutoff score of 12, markedly lower than those previously proposed for the screening of other dissociative disorders, is required for the sensitive detection of depersonalization disorder. Alternatively, the DES pathological dissociation taxon (DES-taxon) score recently generated in the literature appears more sensitive to the detection of depersonalization disorder and is better recommended for screening purposes. The other three scales were fairly strongly correlated to the DES, suggesting that they may measure similar but not identical concepts, and cutoff scores are proposed for these scales also. General implications for the screening and quantification of depersonalization pathology are discussed.
Topics: Adult; Depersonalization; Dissociative Disorders; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Humans; Male; Personality Inventory; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychometrics; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 9741559
DOI: 10.1097/00005053-199809000-00004 -
Psychiatry Research Sep 1995Sixty-seven subjects, including normal volunteers and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, and borderline personality disorder, received ratings... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
Sixty-seven subjects, including normal volunteers and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, and borderline personality disorder, received ratings of depersonalization after double-blind, placebo-controlled challenges with the partial serotonin agonist meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP). Challenge with m-CPP induced depersonalization significantly more than did placebo. Subjects who became depersonalized did not differ in age, sex, or diagnosis from those who did not experience depersonalization. There was a significant correlation between the induction of depersonalization and increase in panic, but not nervousness, anxiety, sadness, depression, or drowsiness. This report suggests that serotonergic dysregulation may in part underlie depersonalization.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Arousal; Borderline Personality Disorder; Brain; Depersonalization; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Panic; Phobic Disorders; Piperazines; Rats; Reality Testing; Serotonin; Serotonin Receptor Agonists
PubMed: 8570768
DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(95)02538-8 -
The American Journal of Psychiatry Apr 2001
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child Abuse; Child Abuse, Sexual; Comorbidity; Depersonalization; Dissociative Disorders; Female; Humans; Panic Disorder; Rape; Research Design
PubMed: 11282717
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.656 -
Journal of Trauma & Dissociation : the... 2007Distortions of the experience of time are central to some types of dissociative experiences. In this study, we investigated the relationship between a self-report...
Distortions of the experience of time are central to some types of dissociative experiences. In this study, we investigated the relationship between a self-report measure of temporal disintegration and symptoms of dissociation in depersonalization disorder (DPD). Fifty-two DPD and thirty non-clinical control participants were administered the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES) and Temporal Integration Inventory (TII). The DPD group had significantly higher TII scores than the control group. Within the DPD group, there was a significant positive correlation between DES total score and TII total score, and between TII-time distinction subscale score and TII-agency subscale score. In the DPD group, TII scores were not associated with age of onset or duration of illness. Of the three dissociative domains of absorption, amnesia, and depersonalization/derealization, only absorption was a significant predictor of TII total and subscale scores by stepwise linear regression analyses. We conclude that the experience of temporal disintegration in DPD is not directly related to the core symptoms of depersonalization/derealization, but exists when the depersonalized experience involves more prominent absorption.
Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Depersonalization; Dissociative Disorders; Female; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Linear Models; Male; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychometrics; Time
PubMed: 17409052
DOI: 10.1300/J229v08n01_02 -
Journal of Anxiety Disorders Oct 2016Symptoms of depersonalization during feared social situations are commonly experienced by individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Despite its clinical relevance,... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Symptoms of depersonalization during feared social situations are commonly experienced by individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Despite its clinical relevance, it is not addressed in standard treatment manuals and it remains unclear if depersonalization is reduced by well-established treatments. This study investigated whether cognitive therapy (CT) for SAD effectively reduces depersonalization and whether pre-treatment severity of depersonalization predicts or mediates treatment outcome. In a randomized controlled trial, patients underwent the standardized Trier Social Stress Test before and after CT (n=20) or a waitlist period (n=20) and were compared to healthy controls (n=21). Self-reported depersonalization was measured immediately after each stress test. Depersonalization significantly decreased following CT, especially in treatment responders (η=0.32). Pre-treatment depersonalization did neither predict nor mediate post-treatment severity of social anxiety. Further prospective studies are needed for a better scientific understanding of this effect. It should be scrutinized whether SAD-patients suffering from depersonalization would benefit from a more specific therapy.
Topics: Adult; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Depersonalization; Fear; Female; Humans; Male; Phobia, Social; Prospective Studies; Stress, Psychological; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 27648752
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.005