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Psychological Bulletin Sep 1993Research on depressive phenomena during adolescence has focused on 3 separate constructs: depressed mood, depressive syndromes, and depressive disorders. Approaches to... (Review)
Review
Research on depressive phenomena during adolescence has focused on 3 separate constructs: depressed mood, depressive syndromes, and depressive disorders. Approaches to the assessment, taxonomy, and diagnosis of these 3 conceptualizations are reviewed. Each of the approaches is represented by different assessment tools measuring related but distinct aspects of depressive phenomena. The constructs share a common set of symptoms reflecting negative affectivity but differ in their inclusion of symptoms of anxiety, somatic problems, and disrupted concentration and in the duration and severity of the symptoms they include. Depressed mood, syndromes, and disorders are integrated as 3 levels of depressive phenomena in a hierarchical and sequential model, and moderating factors are hypothesized to account for the relationships among the 3 levels. The need for a stronger developmental focus to understand depressive phenomena during adolescence is emphasized.
Topics: Adolescent; Anxiety Disorders; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Male; Personality Inventory; Syndrome
PubMed: 8416035
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.323 -
Current HIV/AIDS Reports Nov 2008Since the earliest days of the AIDS epidemic, clinicians have been concerned about the prevalence of depression among their patients. Epidemiologists, psychiatrists,... (Review)
Review
Since the earliest days of the AIDS epidemic, clinicians have been concerned about the prevalence of depression among their patients. Epidemiologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, sociologists, and a broad array of other specialists have studied this topic, trying to determine the prevalence of depressive disorders and depressive symptoms as well as antecedents, correlates, and consequences. This review addresses the methodologic difficulties in determining depression prevalence, major findings regarding rates of disorder and correlates among different segments of the HIV community, effects of depression on HIV illness progression, psychopharmacologic and psychotherapeutic treatment findings, and behavioral effects of depression, such as its impact on medication adherence, employment, and risk behavior. Finally, the article summarizes international studies of depression prevalence in developing countries and the challenges regarding cross-national diagnostic definitions and measures.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Depression; Depressive Disorder; HIV Infections; Humans; Prevalence
PubMed: 18838056
DOI: 10.1007/s11904-008-0025-1 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) May 2000
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Cytokines; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Humans
PubMed: 10841714
DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5468.975b -
Boletin de La Asociacion Medica de... 2003This article is a revision of the literature on psychotherapy for children and adolescents suffering depression. Based on the findings, psychotherapy, particularly... (Review)
Review
This article is a revision of the literature on psychotherapy for children and adolescents suffering depression. Based on the findings, psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral interventions are recommended over pharmaceutical treatments. Etiological factors seem to indicate that family systems therapy to be appropriate for depression in children. Included are recommendations for prevention.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antidepressive Agents; Child; Combined Modality Therapy; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Family Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Mothers; Prevalence; Psychotherapy
PubMed: 14584456
DOI: No ID Found -
Behaviour Research and Therapy Aug 2018Identifying predictors of depression recurrence may highlight targets for relapse prevention. This study tested the hypothesis that strength of implicit and explicit...
Identifying predictors of depression recurrence may highlight targets for relapse prevention. This study tested the hypothesis that strength of implicit and explicit self-depressed associations (SDA) following recovery would lower the threshold for the recurrence of depression. Two main analyses were conducted to test: (i) predictive validity of SDA for recurrence in individuals with a history of depression (at least six months depression free; n = 616, six-year follow-up); (ii) predictive validity of both post-depression SDA and the extent of change in SDA following recovery for recurrence in individuals who recovered in the first two years of the study (n = 220, four-year follow-up). Further exploratory analysis tested the scar model of SDA in participants without a history of depression at baseline. Recurrence rate was 49% in both the first and second analysis. In the first analysis, implicit SDA and explicit SDA were related to recurrence in the unadjusted models, but not when controlling for baseline symptoms. In the second analysis, post-depression explicit SDA predicted recurrence over and above baseline residual depressive symptomatology. There was no support that implicit SDA following depression related to recurrence. However, there was support that stronger explicit SDA following a recent depression increased risk for recurrence.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Recurrence; Secondary Prevention; Self Concept; Young Adult
PubMed: 29890307
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.06.001 -
Psychopathology 1986Depressed moods do not arrive already hallmarked 'endogenous'. Depressions do, however, arrive as perceivable phenomena and the domain of clinically important and... (Review)
Review
Depressed moods do not arrive already hallmarked 'endogenous'. Depressions do, however, arrive as perceivable phenomena and the domain of clinically important and conceptually connected items includes about 20 items. This domain can be subdivided into items relevant for the severity of the depression and items relevant for the diagnosis of depression. It has been argued that Rasch models rather than multivariate analysis are the adequate models when studying the internal consistency of rating scales. Applying the Rasch models, it was found that 10 items have an additive relationship for the severity of depression and that 5 items were additively related for endogenous depression, whereas five other items were additively related for reactive depression. Moreover, it was found that the dimension of severity should be transformed to three categories: no depression, minor depression and major depression. The two dimensions: endogenous and reactive depression, respectively, should be transformed to the categories: definite endogenous depression, combined endogenous and reactive depression, definite reactive depression, probable endogenous depression and probable reactive depression. These categories for severity and for the diagnosis of depression have a high internal consistency. However, we still need studies to verify the external validity of these concepts.
Topics: Depression; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
PubMed: 3303101
DOI: 10.1159/000284457 -
Praxis Jan 2019CME: Depression in Primary Care Abstract. Depressions belong to the most common illnesses at all and to the five most common illnesses in the primary care. The primary...
CME: Depression in Primary Care Abstract. Depressions belong to the most common illnesses at all and to the five most common illnesses in the primary care. The primary care is the first point of contact for depressive patients and therefore has a key role in the early detection and initial treatment of depressive patients. A depressive disorder presents frequently with diffuse, unspecific and mostly somatic complaints. In the primary care only about half of the depressive disorders are detected. An undetected and untreated depression can have fatal consequences for the patients. Once detected, a depressive disorder is treatable. A very important screening test for the early detection of a depression is the two-question-test (sensitivity 96 %, specificity 57 %).
Topics: Depression; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Primary Health Care
PubMed: 30722732
DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003168 -
The American Journal of Psychiatry Jun 1987
Topics: Depression; Depressive Disorder; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Personality Inventory; Psychometrics
PubMed: 3592017
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.144.6.828 -
The Primary Care Companion For CNS... May 2024
Topics: Humans; Aged; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Aging
PubMed: 38762901
DOI: 10.4088/PCC.23lr03686 -
Journal of Clinical Child and... 2012Depression is a developmental phenomenon. Considerable progress has been made in describing the syndrome, establishing its prevalence and features, providing clues as to... (Review)
Review
Depression is a developmental phenomenon. Considerable progress has been made in describing the syndrome, establishing its prevalence and features, providing clues as to its etiology, and developing evidence-based treatment and prevention options. Despite considerable headway in distinct lines of vulnerability research, there is an explanatory gap in the field's ability to more comprehensively explain and predict who is likely to become depressed, when, and why. Still, despite clear success in predicting moderate variance for future depression, especially with empirically rigorous methods and designs, the heterogeneous and multi-determined nature of depression suggests that additional etiologies need to be included to advance knowledge on developmental pathways to depression. This paper advocates for a multiple levels of analysis approach to investigating vulnerability to depression across the lifespan and providing a more comprehensive understanding of its etiology. One example of a multiple levels of analysis model of vulnerabilities to depression is provided that integrates the most accessible, observable factors (e.g., cognitive and temperament risks), intermediate processes and endophenotypes (e.g., information-processing biases, biological stress physiology, and neural activation and connectivity), and genetic influences (e.g., candidate genes and epigenetics). Evidence for each of these factors as well as their cross-level integration is provided. Methodological and conceptual considerations important for conducting integrative, multiple levels of depression vulnerability research are discussed. Finally, translational implications for how a multiple levels of analysis perspective may confer additional leverage to reduce the global burden of depression and improve care are considered.
Topics: Depression; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 22900513
DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2012.711708