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The Journal of Pathology Mar 2021The dermis has disparate embryonic origins; abdominal dermis develops from lateral plate mesoderm, dorsal dermis from paraxial mesoderm and facial dermis from neural...
The dermis has disparate embryonic origins; abdominal dermis develops from lateral plate mesoderm, dorsal dermis from paraxial mesoderm and facial dermis from neural crest. However, the cell and molecular differences and their functional implications have not been described. We hypothesise that the embryonic origin of the dermis underpins regional characteristics of skin, including its response to wounding. We have compared abdomen, back and cheek, three anatomical sites representing the distinct embryonic tissues from which the dermis can arise, during homeostasis and wound repair using RNA sequencing, histology and fibroblast cultures. Our transcriptional analyses demonstrate differences between body sites that reflect their diverse origins. Moreover, we report histological and transcriptional variations during a wound response, including site differences in ECM composition, cell migration and proliferation, and re-enactment of distinct developmental programmes. These findings reveal profound regional variation in the mechanisms of tissue repair. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Topics: Animals; Dermis; Homeostasis; Mice; Wound Healing
PubMed: 33197044
DOI: 10.1002/path.5589 -
Journal of Cutaneous Pathology Feb 2016Lipomatous metaplasia is an uncommon phenomenon. After identifying the presence of a band of adipocytes in the superficial reticular dermis underlying two excisions for...
Lipomatous metaplasia is an uncommon phenomenon. After identifying the presence of a band of adipocytes in the superficial reticular dermis underlying two excisions for basal cell carcinoma, we prospectively reviewed all skin specimens accessioned in our laboratory over a 6-month period and identified eight additional cases. In each example there was a band of adipocytes in the upper dermis, at the level of solar elastosis that was widely separated from the subcutaneous fat by a normal appearing reticular dermis. The cells were positive for S100 and negative for CD163. No connection between the superficial band of adipocytes and the subcutaneous or periappendageal fat was seen. The alterations were flat in configuration without polypoid changes. Eyerich et al. reported lipomatous metaplasia in the dermis of a patient with acute generalized exanthematic pustulosis and psoriasis, and postulated this to be a postinflammatory phenomenon. Fatty metaplasia occurs within a variety of cutaneous neoplasms including nevi, adnexal tumors and peripheral nerve sheath tumors. However, superficial dermal fatty metaplasia beneath cutaneous neoplasms is a newly described phenomenon and we suspect this process represents fatty metaplasia within solar elastosis and that it may occur more frequently than recognized.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Dermis; Female; Humans; Male; Metaplasia; Middle Aged; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 26443669
DOI: 10.1111/cup.12631 -
JCI Insight Jun 2021Dietary sodium intake mismatches urinary sodium excretion over prolonged periods. Our aims were to localize and quantify electrostatically bound sodium within human skin...
BACKGROUND
Dietary sodium intake mismatches urinary sodium excretion over prolonged periods. Our aims were to localize and quantify electrostatically bound sodium within human skin using triple-quantum-filtered (TQF) protocols for MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and to explore dermal sodium in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).
METHODS
We recruited adult participants with T2D (n = 9) and euglycemic participants with no history of diabetes mellitus (n = 8). All had undergone lower limb amputations or abdominal skin reduction surgery for clinical purposes. We used 20 μm in-plane resolution 1H MRI to visualize anatomical skin regions ex vivo from skin biopsies taken intraoperatively, 23Na TQF MRI/MRS to explore distribution and quantification of freely dissolved and bound sodium, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to quantify sodium in selected skin samples.
RESULTS
Human dermis has a preponderance (>90%) of bound sodium that colocalizes with the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) scaffold. Bound and free sodium have similar anatomical locations. T2D associates with a severely reduced dermal bound sodium capacity.
CONCLUSION
We provide the first evidence to our knowledge for high levels of bound sodium within human dermis, colocating to the GAG scaffold, consistent with a dermal "third space repository" for sodium. T2D associates with diminished dermal electrostatic binding capacity for sodium.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Dermis; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Sodium
PubMed: 34003801
DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145470 -
Cell and Tissue Banking Sep 2015Many of the decellularised dermis products on the market at present are aspectically produced. NHS Blood and Transplant Tissue Services have developed a method of...
Many of the decellularised dermis products on the market at present are aspectically produced. NHS Blood and Transplant Tissue Services have developed a method of producing a dCELL human dermis which has been terminally sterilised by gamma irradiation. The terminally sterilised decellularised dermis was compared with cellular tissue and examined for histology, residual DNA content, biomechanical and biochemical properties, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo implantation in a mouse model. No alterations in morphology as viewed by light microscopy were observed and DNA removal was 99%. There were no significant changes in ultimate tensile stress or evidence for collagen denaturation or cytotoxicity. The in vivo studies did not indicate any adverse tissue reactions in the mouse model and demonstrated incorporation of dCELL human dermis into the host. Decellularisation, followed by terminal sterilisation with gamma irradiation, is an appropriate method to produce a human dermis allograft material suitable for transplantation.
Topics: Acellular Dermis; Animals; Collagen; Dermis; Elastic Modulus; Materials Testing; Mice; Sterilization; Tensile Strength; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 25341645
DOI: 10.1007/s10561-014-9479-0 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Apr 2013No perfect solution yet exists for dermal fillers. The authors hypothesized that autologous dermis can be processed in an operator-friendly manner and adopted in...
BACKGROUND
No perfect solution yet exists for dermal fillers. The authors hypothesized that autologous dermis can be processed in an operator-friendly manner and adopted in selected patients as a filler, following the principle of replacing "like with like."
METHODS
The authors designed a prototype "cutting chamber" to morsel dermis into an injectable form. Autologous injectable dermis grafting was performed in 16 patients who underwent lip or labionasal fold correction concomitant with abdominoplasty or cesarean scar correction; patient dermis was used for the donor graft. Furthermore, injectable dermis grafting was performed in the subcutaneous tissue of three patients undergoing multistage reconstructive procedures for obesity. The grafts were harvested and examined histologically at 3, 7, and 12 months.
RESULTS
Dermis processing and injection proved feasible with limited effort. All 16 patients presented good volume maintenance by 12 months. Two reported transient palpable firmness for the first 6 months, which subsequently resolved. Histological examination of processed and injected dermis showed volume maintenance over time, effective revascularization of the mass, and structural reorganization with collagen bundles and nested fibroblasts reminiscent of reticular dermis. A transient inflammatory reaction was observed, consistent with the expected healing events.
CONCLUSIONS
Use of autologous dermis as a filler substance for both aesthetic and reconstructive procedures appears to be a feasible option. It could be advised for patients requiring filler correction who undergo concomitant procedures involving excision of potential donor dermis.
Topics: Cosmetic Techniques; Dermis; Humans; Injections; Middle Aged; Skin Transplantation
PubMed: 23542277
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e318282770c -
Cell and Tissue Banking Sep 2013The purpose of this investigation was to develop a decellularised human dermis suitable for allografting. Samples of human skin were obtained from deceased donors and...
The purpose of this investigation was to develop a decellularised human dermis suitable for allografting. Samples of human skin were obtained from deceased donors and taken through a series of steps to remove all cellular material. The steps were: chemical removal of the epidermis, disinfection, lysing of cells in hypotonic buffer, a detergent treatment and a nuclease buffer to remove residual nuclear material. Histological preparations of the decellularised dermis produced were then investigated. In addition residual DNA content, structural strength, collagen denaturation, cytotoxicity and in vivo tissue reactivity following implantation in a murine model were examined. For all donors tested there was no change in morphology as viewed by light microscopy. Mean DNA removal was evaluated at 92.1%. There were no significant changes in structural strength or evidence of collagen degradation. The tissue did not appear to be cytotoxic or elicit an immune response when implanted in the mouse model. A decellularised tissue has been developed that would appear to be suitable for a range of surgical procedures.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cell Death; Collagen; DNA; Dermis; Fibroblasts; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Male; Mice; Models, Animal; Protein Denaturation; Tensile Strength; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 22875198
DOI: 10.1007/s10561-012-9333-1 -
Skin Research and Technology : Official... Aug 2017Collagenous tissues store, transmit and dissipate elastic energy during mechanical deformation. In skin, mechanical energy is stored during loading and then is...
BACKGROUND
Collagenous tissues store, transmit and dissipate elastic energy during mechanical deformation. In skin, mechanical energy is stored during loading and then is dissipated, which protects skin from mechanical failure. Thus, energy storage (elastic properties) and dissipation (viscous properties) are important characteristics of extracellular matrices (ECMs) that support the cyclic loading of ECMs without tissue failure.
METHODS
Uniaxial stress-strain measurements on decellularized human dermis have been made and compared to results of a non-destructive technique involving optical coherence tomography (OCT) combined with vibrational analysis. In addition, Poisson's ratio has been determined for tensile deformation of decellularized dermis.
RESULTS
The modulus of decellularized dermis measured using standard tensile stress-strain tests and that determined from calculations derived from natural frequency measurements give similar results. It is also observed that Poisson's ratio for dermis is between 0.38 and 0.63 after correction for changes in volume that occur during tensile deformation. These results suggest that the assumption that dermis and other ECMs deform at constant volume is incorrect and will lead to differences in the calculated modulus by conventional tensile stress-strain measurements.
CONCLUSIONS
It is proposed that OCT in conjunction with vibrational analysis is a convenient way to non-destructively measure the modulus of decellularized dermis, ECMs and other materials that have a positive curvature to their stress-strain curves. Tensile deformation of dermis and possibly other ECMs is associated with an increase in Poisson's ratio consistent with a model of fluid expulsion from collagen fibrils during stretching. The value of Poisson's ratio should be considered in analyzing the mechanical properties of ECMs since at least dermis appears to be compressible during tensile deformation. Fluid expression during tensile deformation may play a role in mechanotransduction in skin in a similar manner to cartilage and bone tissue.
Topics: Collagen; Dermis; Elasticity; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Models, Biological; Observational Studies as Topic; Poisson Distribution; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Stress, Mechanical; Tensile Strength; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Vibration; Viscosity
PubMed: 27891678
DOI: 10.1111/srt.12349 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Jan 2022This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the mechanisms involved in itch signaling in the skin and how these new findings fit into the wider picture of... (Review)
Review
This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the mechanisms involved in itch signaling in the skin and how these new findings fit into the wider picture of the expression of itch mediators and their receptors in the dermal layer. Because at present studies mostly concentrate on single cellular compartments (e.g., neural alone), we suggest that they may miss important interactions with other compartments. Therefore, to fully appreciate pruritus, we propose that studies should consider (e.g., using transcriptomic information) signal transmission within the entire neuro‒immune‒stromal triad.
Topics: Animals; Cell Communication; Dermis; Humans; Neuroimmunomodulation; Pruritus; Signal Transduction; Single-Cell Analysis; Stromal Cells; Transcriptome
PubMed: 34662564
DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.08.443 -
Expert Review of Medical Devices Jan 2010
Topics: Absorbable Implants; Animals; Cattle; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dermis; Humans; Ligaments; Tendons; Tissue Scaffolds; Wound Healing
PubMed: 20021236
DOI: 10.1586/erd.09.59 -
The Journal of Dermatology Jun 2017
Topics: Adult; Dermis; Dermoscopy; Female; Fingers; Humans; Neoplasms, Fibroepithelial; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 28150336
DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13745