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Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2014Cysticercosis, especially neurocysticercosis, is a major public health problem in India. We report an unusual case of disseminated cysticercosis with extensive...
Cysticercosis, especially neurocysticercosis, is a major public health problem in India. We report an unusual case of disseminated cysticercosis with extensive infiltration of the skin, central nervous system, skeletal muscles, eye, lung, and heart. A patient with extensive cutaneous cysticercosis must be thoroughly investigated for widespread internal organ involvement.
Topics: Arm; Cysticercosis; Dermis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Severity of Illness Index; Shoulder; Skin Diseases, Parasitic; Thorax
PubMed: 24685850
DOI: 10.4103/0378-6323.129389 -
Nature Jun 2022Proper ectodermal patterning during human development requires previously identified transcription factors such as GATA3 and p63, as well as positional signalling from...
Proper ectodermal patterning during human development requires previously identified transcription factors such as GATA3 and p63, as well as positional signalling from regional mesoderm. However, the mechanism by which ectoderm and mesoderm factors act to stably pattern gene expression and lineage commitment remains unclear. Here we identify the protein Gibbin, encoded by the Xia-Gibbs AT-hook DNA-binding-motif-containing 1 (AHDC1) disease gene, as a key regulator of early epithelial morphogenesis. We find that enhancer- or promoter-bound Gibbin interacts with dozens of sequence-specific zinc-finger transcription factors and methyl-CpG-binding proteins to regulate the expression of mesoderm genes. The loss of Gibbin causes an increase in DNA methylation at GATA3-dependent mesodermal genes, resulting in a loss of signalling between developing dermal and epidermal cell types. Notably, Gibbin-mutant human embryonic stem-cell-derived skin organoids lack dermal maturation, resulting in p63-expressing basal cells that possess defective keratinocyte stratification. In vivo chimeric CRISPR mouse mutants reveal a spectrum of Gibbin-dependent developmental patterning defects affecting craniofacial structure, abdominal wall closure and epidermal stratification that mirror patient phenotypes. Our results indicate that the patterning phenotypes seen in Xia-Gibbs and related syndromes derive from abnormal mesoderm maturation as a result of gene-specific DNA methylation decisions.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Dermis; DNA Methylation; DNA-Binding Proteins; Ectoderm; Embryonic Stem Cells; Epidermal Cells; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; GATA3 Transcription Factor; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mesoderm; Morphogenesis; Mutation; Organoids; Trans-Activators; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 35585237
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04727-9 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2020Maintaining integrity of the skin and its appendages still preserves its top-ranking in priorities of survival for the modern human as it probably once did for the... (Review)
Review
Maintaining integrity of the skin and its appendages still preserves its top-ranking in priorities of survival for the modern human as it probably once did for the ancient individual, -not only- because it is the primary barrier to external assaults, but also because of social and psychological impact of healthy skin during their life-span. Healing wounds in order to shield off the internal organs from infections and damage, restoring its ability to adapt to various environmental stimuli, and slowing-down and reversing aging of the skin in the quest for an everlasting youth can be named as a few of the main drivers behind the multi-million investments dedicated to the advancement of our understanding of skin's physiology. Over the years, these tremendous efforts culminated in the breakthrough discovery of skin stem cells the regenerative capacity of which accounted for the resilience of the skin through their unique capacity as a special cell type that can both self-renew and differentiate into various lineages. In this review, first we summarize the current knowledge on this amazing organ both at a structural and functional level. Next, we provide a comprehensive -in depth- discussion on epidermal as well as dermal stem cells in terms of the key regulatory pathways as well as the main genetic factors that have been implicated in the orchestration of the skin stem cell biology in regards to the shifts between quiescence and entry into distinct differentiation programs.
Topics: Animals; Dermis; Epidermis; Humans; Skin; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Stem Cells
PubMed: 31953808
DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_442 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Jan 2011Advances in critical care allowed survival of large total body surface burn patients in the 1970s, spawning the development of artificial skin for burn victims. Lack of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Advances in critical care allowed survival of large total body surface burn patients in the 1970s, spawning the development of artificial skin for burn victims. Lack of dermis resulted in severe scarring and contractures. The physicochemical properties that are critical to dermal regeneration have subsequently been described, and a dermal regeneration template has been developed.
METHODS
The peer-reviewed literature regarding the basic science and clinical use of dermal regeneration template was reviewed, as was our practical experience in using dermal regeneration template.
RESULTS
Dermal regeneration template has been effective in treating large areas of skin loss in burn victims and has been shown to have scar reductive and regenerative properties. Its use has been extended to reconstructive burns, including scar revisions and the treatment of burn scar contractures. It has also been useful in treating small areas of exposed bone, tendon, or joints and a variety of acute and chronic wounds. Meticulous wound bed preparation and close monitoring of the dermal regeneration template is critical to successful use.
CONCLUSIONS
Dermal regeneration template provides a novel element to add to the reconstructive tools used today by plastic surgeons. Further development of these technologies may allow for improved regenerative capacity of these devices to allow optimal aesthetic and functional results of dermal reconstruction.
Topics: Adult; Dermis; Humans; Prosthesis Design; Regeneration; Skin, Artificial; Tissue Engineering; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 21200274
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e318200a44d -
Biomaterials Sep 2014Biologic scaffold materials are used for repair and reconstruction of injured or missing tissues. Such materials are often composed of allogeneic or xenogeneic...
Biologic scaffold materials are used for repair and reconstruction of injured or missing tissues. Such materials are often composed of allogeneic or xenogeneic extracellular matrix (ECM) manufactured by decellularization of source tissue, such as dermis. Dermal ECM (D-ECM) has been observed to degrade and remodel in vivo more slowly than other biologic scaffold materials, such as small intestinal submucosa (SIS-ECM). Histologic examination is a common method for evaluating material degradation, but it lacks sensitivity and is subject to observer bias. Utilization of (14)C-proline labeled ECM is a quantitative alternative for measuring degradation of ECM scaffolds. Using both methods, the amount of degradation of D-ECM and SIS-ECM was determined at 2, 4, and 24 weeks post-implantation in a rodent model. Results utilizing (14)C liquid scintillation counting (LSC) analysis showed distinct differences in degradation at the three time points. D-ECM material in situ stayed the same at 76% remaining from 2 to 4 weeks post-implantation, and then decreased to 44% remaining at 24 weeks. In the same time period, implanted SIS-ECM material decreased from 72% to 13% to 0%. Visual examination of device degradation by histology overestimated degradation at 2 weeks and underestimated device degradation at 24 weeks, compared to the (14)C method.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Carbon Radioisotopes; Dermis; Extracellular Matrix; Female; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Scintillation Counting; Swine; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 24997479
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.015 -
Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 2005Substances applied to the skin surface may permeate deeper tissue layers and pass into the body's systemic circulation by entering blood or lymphatic vessels in the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Substances applied to the skin surface may permeate deeper tissue layers and pass into the body's systemic circulation by entering blood or lymphatic vessels in the dermis. The purpose of this review is an in-depth analysis of the dermal clearance/exchange process and its constituents: transport through the interstitium, permeability of the microvascular barrier and removal via the circulation. We adapt an 'engineering' viewpoint with emphasis on quantifying the dermal microcirculatory physiology, providing the theoretical framework for the physics of key transport processes and reviewing the available computational clearance models in a comparative manner. Selected experimental data which may serve as valuable input to modeling attempts are also reported.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Capillaries; Cell Membrane Permeability; Dermis; Humans; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Models, Biological
PubMed: 15767767
DOI: 10.1159/000083706 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Apr 2021As a barrier organ, the skin is an ideal model to study environmentally-induced (extrinsic) aging. In this review, we explain the development of extrinsic skin aging as... (Review)
Review
As a barrier organ, the skin is an ideal model to study environmentally-induced (extrinsic) aging. In this review, we explain the development of extrinsic skin aging as a consequence of skin exposure to specific exposomal factors, their interaction with each other, and the modification of their effects on the skin by genetic factors. We also review the evidence that exposure to these exposomal factors causes extrinsic skin aging by mechanisms that critically involve the accumulation of macromolecular damage and the subsequent development of functionally altered and/or senescent fibroblasts in the dermal compartment of the skin.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Cellular Senescence; DNA Damage; Dermis; Environmental Exposure; Fibroblasts; Humans; Skin Aging; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 33541724
DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.12.011 -
Experimental Dermatology Jan 2021Tissue homeostasis is maintained through constant, dynamic and heterogeneous communication between cells and their microenvironment. Proteins that are at the same time... (Review)
Review
Tissue homeostasis is maintained through constant, dynamic and heterogeneous communication between cells and their microenvironment. Proteins that are at the same time active at the intracellular, cell periphery and deeper extracellular levels possess the ability to, on the individual molecular level, influence the cells and their microenvironment in a bidirectional manner. The transmembrane collagens are a family of such proteins, which are of notable interest for tissue development and homeostasis. In skin, expression of all transmembrane collagens has been reported and deficiency of transmembrane collagen XVII manifests with distinct skin phenotypes. Nevertheless, transmembrane collagens in skin remain understudied despite the association of them with epidermal wound healing and dermal fibrotic processes. Here, we present an overview of transmembrane collagens and put a spotlight on them as regulators of epidermal-dermal communication and as potential players in fibrinogenesis.
Topics: Cell Communication; Cellular Microenvironment; Collagen; Dermis; Epidermis; Fibroblasts; Fibrosis; Homeostasis; Humans; Skin
PubMed: 32869371
DOI: 10.1111/exd.14180 -
The International Journal of... Mar 2012One unique physiological characteristic of frogs is that their main route for intake of water is across the skin. In these animals, the skin acts in concert with the... (Review)
Review
One unique physiological characteristic of frogs is that their main route for intake of water is across the skin. In these animals, the skin acts in concert with the kidney and urinary bladder to maintain electrolyte homeostasis. Water absorption across the skin is driven by the osmotic gradient that develops as a consequence of solute transport. Our recent study demonstrated that chytridiomycosis, an infection of amphibian skin by the fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, inhibits epithelial Na(+) channels, attenuating Na(+) absorption through the skin. In frogs that become severely affected by this fungus, systemic depletion of Na(+), K(+) and Cl(-) is thought to cause deterioration of cardiac electrical function, leading to cardiac arrest. Here we review the ion transport mechanisms of frog skin, and discuss the effect of chytridiomycosis on these mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Anura; Biological Transport; Chytridiomycota; Dermis; Electrolytes; Epidermis; Skin; Sodium Channels; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 22182598
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.12.002 -
Skin Research and Technology : Official... May 2020Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is an imaging technique providing "optical biopsies" of the skin in real time and non-invasively. At a center... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Comparison of line-field confocal optical coherence tomography images with histological sections: Validation of a new method for in vivo and non-invasive quantification of superficial dermis thickness.
BACKGROUND
Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is an imaging technique providing "optical biopsies" of the skin in real time and non-invasively. At a center optical wavelength of 1.3 µm, this innovative technology can be applied to dermo-cosmetic product development due to both high image resolution (~2 µm) and sufficient penetration (~0.5 mm). Nevertheless, the precise dermal area analyzed with LC-OCT has never been identified. In this study, the objective was to compare LC-OCT images with histological sections of the same area, in order to validate a new method for in vivo and non-invasive quantification of superficial dermis thickness. Once validated, this standardized and quantitative method was used to assess age-related changes of the superficial dermis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ex vivo LC-OCT acquisitions and hematoxylin-eosin-safran staining were performed on a panel of four healthy Caucasian female volunteers. In vivo LC-OCT study of skin aging was performed on a panel of 37 healthy Caucasian female divided into five different age-groups.
RESULTS
Comparison with histological sections revealed that LC-OCT images allow the visualization and the quantification of the superficial portion of papillary dermis. Applied to different age-group of volunteers, LC-OCT images show a constant decrease in this superficial dermis thickness with age.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, we have introduced LC-OCT as a novel technique for in vivo and non-invasive evaluation of superficial dermis thickness. This approach could be used in the future to demonstrate visually and quantitatively the capacity of a dermo-cosmetic active ingredient to renormalize the structural properties of the dermis.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Cosmetics; Dermis; Female; Histological Techniques; Humans; Middle Aged; Skin Aging; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 31799766
DOI: 10.1111/srt.12815