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Journal of Basic Microbiology Feb 2019Cellulases, lipases, proteases, and amylases are employed in the detergent preparation to speed up the detergency process. Microbial cellulases are now commercially... (Review)
Review
Cellulases, lipases, proteases, and amylases are employed in the detergent preparation to speed up the detergency process. Microbial cellulases are now commercially manufactured and are being used by various industries like detergent industry. Currently, the supplementation of detergent-compatible enzymes is a new trend followed by most of the detergent industries. The cellulases are supplemented to the detergents to improve the fabric smoothness and soil removal without damaging them. They act by passing through the textile interfibril spaces and thus the fabric quality is preserved. The process is environment friendly, and the use of cellulases and other detergent-compatible enzymes diminishes the utilization of toxic detergent constituents that are hazardous to humans. Alkaline cellulases active at ambient and low temperature are now preferred to maintain the fabric quality and use of low energy. The review reports on the production, purification, and properties studies of detergent-compatible proteases, amylases, and lipases are available. However, there is no report on detergent-compatible bacterial cellulases. In the present review, an overview on the production, purification, and characterization of detergent bacterial cellulases is presented. The stability and compatibility of the alkaline bacterial cellulases in the presence of the detergents and the detergent constituents are also discussed.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Biotechnology; Carbon; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Cellulases; Cold Temperature; Culture Media; Detergents; Enzyme Stability; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Metals; Nitrogen; Substrate Specificity; Surface-Active Agents; Textiles
PubMed: 30421443
DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800436 -
Folia Microbiologica Feb 2021Detergent enzymes are currently added to all powder and liquid detergents that are manufactured. Cellulases, lipases, amylases, and proteases are used in the detergency... (Review)
Review
Detergent enzymes are currently added to all powder and liquid detergents that are manufactured. Cellulases, lipases, amylases, and proteases are used in the detergency to replace toxic phosphates and silicates and to reduce high energy consumption. This makes the use of enzymes in detergent formulation cost effective. Fungi are producers of important extracellular enzymes for industrial use. The fungal and bacterial cellulases maintain the shape and color of the washed garments. There is a high demand for cellulases at the market by detergent industries. With this high demand, genetic engineering has been a solution due to its high production of detergent-compatible cellulases. Fungi are the famous source for detergent-compatible cellulases production, but still, there is a lack of the cost-effective process of alkaline fungal cellulase production. Review papers on detergent-compatible bacterial cellulase and amylase and detergent-compatible fungal and bacterial proteases and lipases are available, but there is no review on detergent fungal cellulases. This review aims to highlight the production, properties, stability, and compatibility of fungal cellulases. It will help other academic and industrial researchers to study, produce, and commercialize the fungal cellulases with good aspects.
Topics: Cellulases; Detergents; Enzyme Stability; Fungal Proteins; Fungi; Genetic Engineering
PubMed: 33184763
DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00838-w -
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Oct 2014Proteases, lipases, amylases, and cellulases are enzymes used in detergent formulation to improve the detergency. The amylases are specifically supplemented to the... (Review)
Review
Proteases, lipases, amylases, and cellulases are enzymes used in detergent formulation to improve the detergency. The amylases are specifically supplemented to the detergent to digest starchy stains. Most of the solid and liquid detergents that are currently manufactured contain alkaline enzymes. The advantages of using alkaline enzymes in the detergent formulation are that they aid in removing tough stains and the process is environmentally friendly since they reduce the use of toxic detergent ingredients. Amylases active at low temperature are preferred as the energy consumption gets reduced, and the whole process becomes cost-effective. Most microbial alkaline amylases are used as detergent ingredients. Various reviews report on the production, purification, characterization, and application of amylases in different industry sectors, but there is no specific review on bacterial or fungal alkaline amylases or detergent-compatible amylases. In this mini-review, an overview on the production and property studies of the detergent bacterial amylases is given, and the stability and compatibility of the alkaline bacterial amylases in the presence of the detergents and the detergent components are highlighted.
Topics: Amylases; Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Detergents
PubMed: 25129040
DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1144-3 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Jun 2024Detergent chemistry enables applications in the world today while harming safe operating spaces that humanity needs for survival. Aim of this review is to support a... (Review)
Review
Detergent chemistry enables applications in the world today while harming safe operating spaces that humanity needs for survival. Aim of this review is to support a holistic thought process in the design of detergent chemistry. We harness the planetary boundary concept as a framework for literature survey to identify progresses and knowledge gaps in context with detergent chemistry and five planetary boundaries that are currently transgressed, i.e., climate, freshwater, land system, novel entities, biosphere integrity. Our survey unveils the status of three critical challenges to be addressed in the years to come, including (i) the implementation of a holistically, climate-friendly detergent industry; (ii) the alignment of materialistic and social aspects in creating technical solutions by means of sustainable chemistry; (iii) the development of detergents that serve the purpose of applications but do not harm the biosphere in their role as novel entities. Specifically, medically relevant case reports revealed that even the most sophisticated detergent design cannot sufficiently accelerate drug discovery to outperform the antibiotic resistance development that detergents simultaneously promote as novel entities. Safe operating spaces that humanity needs for its survival may be secured by directing future efforts beyond sustainable chemistry, resource efficiency, and net zero emission targets.
Topics: Detergents; Drug Discovery; Humans; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38619211
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403833 -
Clinics in Dermatology 1996
Review
Topics: Dermatitis, Irritant; Detergents; Humans; Irritants; Soaps; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 8901394
DOI: 10.1016/0738-081x(95)00103-m -
Critical Effect of the Detergent:Protein Ratio on the Formation of the Hepatitis C Virus p7 Channel.Biochemistry Sep 2019The p7 protein encoded by the hepatitis C virus forms a cation-selective viroporin in the membrane. One of the most intriguing findings about the p7 viroporin is its... (Review)
Review
The p7 protein encoded by the hepatitis C virus forms a cation-selective viroporin in the membrane. One of the most intriguing findings about the p7 viroporin is its unique hexameric structure in dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), but the hexameric structure was recently challenged by another NMR study of p7, also in DPC detergent, which claimed that the p7 in this detergent is monomeric. Here, we show that p7 oligomerization is highly sensitive to the detergent:protein ratio used in protein reconstitution and that the 40-fold difference in this ratio between the two studies was the cause of their different conclusions. In addition, we have performed extensive measurements of interchain paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PREs) for p7 hexamers reconstituted in DPC micelles and in 1,2-dimyristoyl--glycero-3-phosphocholine/1,2-dihexanoyl--glycero-3-phosphocholine bicelles. In both cases, interchain PREs are overall consistent with the hexameric structure determined in micelles. Our data validate the overall architecture of the p7 hexamer while highlighting the importance of the detergent:protein ratio in membrane protein sample preparation.
Topics: Detergents; Hepacivirus; Protein Structure, Secondary
PubMed: 31468972
DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00636 -
Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) Nov 2019Liquid laundry detergent capsules (also called single-use detergent sacs; laundry pods; laundry packets) have become an increasingly popular household product... (Review)
Review
Liquid laundry detergent capsules (PODS): a review of their composition and mechanisms of toxicity, and of the circumstances, routes, features, and management of exposure.
Liquid laundry detergent capsules (also called single-use detergent sacs; laundry pods; laundry packets) have become an increasingly popular household product worldwide. To review the composition and mechanisms of toxicity of liquid laundry detergent, capsules, and the circumstances, routes, clinical features (and impact of packaging changes) and management of exposure. The databases PubMed and EMBASE were searched using the terms: "detergent" and "capsule", "pod", "pac" or "sac" combined with "poison", "ingest", "expos" but not "animal" or "" or "bacteria". The searches yielded 289 articles, of which 186 were excluded: 38 duplicates, 133 not relevant, 10 abstracts which had been published as a paper and 5 non-English language articles. The bibliographies of relevant articles were hand-searched which yielded 14 additional citations. Searching of abstracts from scientific meetings produced five additional citations. A total of 122 publications were relevant to the objectives of the review. Capsules typically contain anionic surfactants (20-35%), non-ionic surfactants (10-20%), propylene glycol (8-20%) and ethanol (2-5%) within a water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol membrane. Non-ionic surfactants are the primary mechanism, though anionic surfactants, ethanol and propylene glycol may also contribute. The majority (60%) of children are exposed when the capsule is removed from its original container. Ingestion is the most common (>85%); ocular (<15%) and dermal (<8%) exposure account for the remainder. Features develop in around half of all exposures, though >90% are minor. In those with features, vomiting occurs in some 50%; coughing and drowsiness are reported in <5%. Respiratory depression (<0.5%), central nervous system depression (<0.1%) esophageal or gastric injury (<0.5%), metabolic acidosis and hyperlactatemia (<0.05%) have been reported rarely. Of 17 deaths reported, 13 were adults and nine were suffering from cognitive impairment. Conjunctivitis, eye irritation and/or eye pain are commonly experienced; corneal injury is less common but complete recovery typically occurs within one week. Clinically important dermal toxicity seldom occurs, though skin burns can develop in <5% of cases when skin contact is prolonged. The implementation of packaging changes resulted in a fall in the number of exposures and their severity in the United States and in the number in Italy. Gut decontamination is not recommended, though small amounts of fluid can be administered orally to rinse out the mouth. Symptomatic and supportive care should be offered to all patients that develop features of toxicity. Supplemental oxygen should be administered for hypoxemia, and bronchodilators for laryngospasm/bronchospasm. Intubation and assisted ventilation may be required if CNS and respiratory depression develop. A chest radiograph should be performed if respiratory features develop. In patients with swallowing difficulties, drooling or oropharyngeal burns, endoscopy should be performed; if substantial mucosal damage is present MRI should be considered. In addition, intravenous fluids will be required if prolonged vomiting or diarrhea occur and acid-base disturbances should be corrected. Thorough irrigation of the eye with sodium chloride 0.9% is required. Instillation of a local anesthetic will reduce discomfort and help more thorough decontamination. Due to the potential for corneal injury, fluorescein should be instilled. If ocular injury is present, the patient should be referred to an ophthalmologist. Skin should be irrigated thoroughly with soap and water, and burns should be treated as a thermal burn. Accidental ingestion usually produces no or only minor features. Very rarely respiratory depression, central nervous system depression, esophageal or gastric injury, hyperlactatemia and metabolic acidosis occur. Ocular exposure results in corneal injury infrequently and skin burns can develop uncommonly following prolonged dermal contact. Of 17 deaths reported, 13 were adults and nine were suffering from cognitive impairment.
Topics: Acidosis; Capsules; Child, Preschool; Detergents; Eating; Europe; Humans; Intubation; North America; Poisoning; Seizures; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 31130018
DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1618466 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2023For decades, the ability of detergents to solubilize biological membranes has been utilized in biotechnological manufacturing to disrupt the lipid envelope of...
For decades, the ability of detergents to solubilize biological membranes has been utilized in biotechnological manufacturing to disrupt the lipid envelope of potentially contaminating viruses and thus enhance the safety margins of plasma- and cell-derived drugs. This ability has been linked to detergent micelles, which are formed if the concentration of detergent molecules exceeds the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Traditionally, the CMC of detergents is determined in deionized water (ddHO), i.e., a situation considerably different from the actual situation of biotechnological manufacturing. This study compared, for five distinct detergents, the CMC in ddHO side-by-side with two biopharmaceutical process intermediates relevant to plasma-derived (Immunoglobulin) and cell-derived (monoclonal antibody) products, respectively. Depending on the matrix, the CMC of detergents changed by a factor of up to ~4-fold. Further, the CMC in biotechnological matrices did not correlate with antiviral potency, as Triton X-100 (TX-100) and similar detergents had comparatively higher CMCs than polysorbate-based detergents, which are known to be less potent in terms of virus inactivation. Finally, it was demonstrated that TX-100 and similar detergents also have virus-inactivating properties if applied below the CMC. Thus, the presence of detergent micelles might not be an absolute prerequisite for the disruption of virus envelopes.
Topics: Detergents; Micelles; Virus Inactivation; Octoxynol; Viruses
PubMed: 37175626
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097920 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Sep 2006Antimicrobial peptides have raised much interest as pathogens become resistant against conventional antibiotics. We review biophysical studies that have been performed... (Review)
Review
Antimicrobial peptides have raised much interest as pathogens become resistant against conventional antibiotics. We review biophysical studies that have been performed to better understand the interactions of linear amphipathic cationic peptides such as magainins, cecropins, dermaseptin, delta-lysin or melittin. The amphipathic character of these peptides and their interactions with membranes resemble the properties of detergent molecules and analogies between membrane-active peptide and detergents are presented. Several models have been suggested to explain the pore-forming, membrane-lytic and antibiotic activities of these peptides. Here we suggest that these might be 'special cases' within complicated phase diagrams describing the morphological plasticity of peptide/lipid supramolecular assemblies.
Topics: Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Detergents; Models, Chemical
PubMed: 16928357
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.07.001 -
Amino Acids Dec 2013The structural characterization of membrane proteins remains a challenging field, largely because the use of stabilizing detergents is required. Researchers must first... (Review)
Review
The structural characterization of membrane proteins remains a challenging field, largely because the use of stabilizing detergents is required. Researchers must first select a suitable detergent for the solubility and stability of their protein during in vitro studies. In addition, an appropriate concentration of detergent in membrane protein samples can be essential for protein solubility, stability, and experimental success. For example, in membrane protein crystallography, detergent concentration in the crystallization drop can be a critical parameter influencing crystal growth. Over the past decade, multiple techniques have been developed for the measurement of detergent concentration using a wide variety of strategies. These methods include colorimetric reactions, which target specific detergent classes, and analytical techniques applicable to a wide variety of detergents. This review will summarize and discuss the available options. It will be a useful resource to those selecting a strategy that best fits their experimental requirements and available instruments.
Topics: Crystallization; Detergents; Membrane Proteins; Protein Stability; Solubility
PubMed: 24105076
DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1600-3