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Archives of Insect Biochemistry and... Nov 1999Hemolin is hemolymph protein that is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Its induced expression after bacterial infection suggests that it functions in the...
Hemolin is hemolymph protein that is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Its induced expression after bacterial infection suggests that it functions in the immune response. In this paper, we describe the expression of the Manduca sexta hemolin gene at certain developmental stages in the absence of microbial challenge. Hemolin was present at a very low level in hemolymph of naive larvae until the beginning of the wandering stage prior to pupation, when its concentration in hemolymph increased dramatically. At the same time, hemolin could be found in the fluid contained in the midgut lumen. The appearance of hemolin mRNA in fat body and midgut at the beginning of the wandering stage correlated with the presence of hemolin in the hemolymph and midgut lumen. Hemolin was present in hemolymph through the pupal and adult stages. Hemolin was also present in newly deposited eggs, and persisted in eggs throughout embryonic development. A hemolin cDNA isolated from an adult fat body library had the same sequence as those previously obtained from larval libraries. Hemolin purified from hemolymph of bacteria-injected larvae, from hemolymph of naive wandering stage larvae and adult moths, and from midgut fluid of wandering stage larvae had the same apparent mass, which was consistent with the mass predicted from the hemolin cDNA sequence. Hemolin from hemolymph of wandering stage larvae did not contain any detectable carbohydrate, but hemolin from the hemolymph of bacteria-injected larvae and from naive adult moths was associated with carbohydrate, although of different amounts and composition. These results suggest that a single hemolin gene is developmentally regulated and is also induced when insects are exposed to microbial infection. M. sexta hemolin apparently lacks post-translational covalent glycosylation, but instead is associated under some conditions with non-covalently bound carbohydrates. Arch.
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; DNA Primers; DNA, Complementary; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genes, Insect; Hemolymph; Immunoglobulins; Insect Proteins; Male; Manduca; Proteins; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 10536048
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(199911)42:3<198::AID-ARCH4>3.0.CO;2-G -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Jan 2021The extremely derived body plan of turtles has sparked a great interest in studying their developmental biology. Here, we describe the embryonic development of the...
BACKGROUND
The extremely derived body plan of turtles has sparked a great interest in studying their developmental biology. Here, we describe the embryonic development of the Stinkpot, or common musk turtle (Sternotherus odoratus), a small aquatic turtle from the family Kinosternidae.
RESULTS
We identify 20 distinct developmental stages, some comparable to stages described by previous studies on other turtles and some in between these, improving the resolution of the generalities of turtle development. We provide a detailed account of both the external morphology and skeletal development, as well as a general look at the early stages of muscular development until the attainment of the adult muscular anatomical pattern.
CONCLUSIONS
Several potential skeletal and muscular apomorphies of turtles are identified or elaborated. The musk turtle, with its small size and hard-shelled egg, could become an important species for the study of turtle evolution and development, suitable for in ovo experimentation and late stage imaging of well-advanced anatomical features.
Topics: Animals; Musculoskeletal Development; Turtles
PubMed: 32492254
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.210 -
Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine Aug 2016The demand for age estimation of living and deceased children considerably increased in the last years. It was mainly justified by the growing globalization trend and... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
The demand for age estimation of living and deceased children considerably increased in the last years. It was mainly justified by the growing globalization trend and the enlarged amount of violent crimes involving young victims. The present research aims to correlate skeletal and dental developmental stages using radiographic parameters. Lateral cephalometric (n = 576) and panoramic (n = 576) radiographs taken in the same moment were used to asses skeletal and dental development according to the methods of Hassel and Farman (1995) and Bacetti et al. (2002), and Demirjian et al. (1973), respectively. Likelihood-ratio test was used to verify the positive prediction in correlations between developmental stages. Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated between skeletal and dental developmental stages, as well between estimated and chronological ages. Higher prediction in correlation for the skeletal starting stage (stage 1) with stage E in mandibular canines, and with stage D in mandibular premolars and second molars was detected. Higher staging correlations were observed considering the mandibular left second premolar (0.652, p < 0.001 for the technique of Bacetti et al.; and 0.646, p < 0.001 for the technique of Hassel and Farman). Despite the correlations between skeletal and dental developmental stages, the results must be carefully interpreted once it reached moderate values (<0.652). Further researches must test different classifications of skeletal and dental development, in order to verify the possibility of replacing one technique for another with stronger correlation.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Determination by Skeleton; Age Determination by Teeth; Cephalometry; Cervical Vertebrae; Child; Female; Forensic Anthropology; Forensic Dentistry; Humans; Likelihood Functions; Male; Radiography, Panoramic; Retrospective Studies; Tooth
PubMed: 27219112
DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2016.05.009 -
Cancer Treatment Reviews May 2017Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is an alternative to surgery for patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are inoperable due to comorbid... (Review)
Review
Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is an alternative to surgery for patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are inoperable due to comorbid disease or who refuse surgery. SBRT results in an excellent local control rate of more than 90%, which is comparable to surgery, while short and long-term overall toxicity is low. Surgically treated patients are often more extensively staged pre-operatively, e.g. with endobronchial ultrasound and/or mediastinoscopy, and typically undergo intra-operative lymph node dissection or sampling. Occult nodal metastases (ONM), detected by lymph node dissection, have been shown to increase the incidence of regional recurrence (RR) after surgery, which is associated with poor outcome. In patients undergoing SBRT, however, definite pathological nodal staging is lacking and so other ways to identify patients at high risk for ONM and RR are desirable. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the incidence of, and risk factors for, RR after SBRT and compare these to those after surgery. The available evidence shows the incidence of RR after SBRT or surgery to be comparable, despite more elaborate pre- and intra-operative lymph node evaluation in surgical patients. However, the fact that this finding is based on mostly retrospective studies in which the majority of patients treated with SBRT were inoperable, needs to be taken into consideration. For now, there is no evidence that inoperable clinical stage I patients with no indication of pathological lymph nodes on PET/CT will benefit from more invasive lymph node staging prior to SBRT.
Topics: Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Humans; Incidence; Lung Neoplasms; Lymph Nodes; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Radiosurgery; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 28437679
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.04.001 -
ACS Sensors Jul 2022Current methods for embryo selection are limited. This study assessed a novel method for the prediction of embryo developmental potential based on the analysis of...
Current methods for embryo selection are limited. This study assessed a novel method for the prediction of embryo developmental potential based on the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by embryo samples. The study included mice embryos monitored during the pre-implantation period. Four developmental stages of the embryos were tested, covering the period from 1 to 4 days after fecundation. In each stage, the VOCs released by the embryos were collected and examined by employing two different volatolomic techniques, gas-chromatography coupled to mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) and a nanoarray of chemical gas sensors. The GC-MS study revealed that the VOC patterns emanating from embryo samples had statistically different values at different stages of embryo development. The sensor nanoarray was capable of classifying the developmental stages of the embryos. The proposed volatolomics analysis approach for embryos presents a promising potential for predicting their developmental stage. In combination with conventional morphokinetic parameters, it could be effective as a predictive model for detecting metabolic shifts that affect embryo quality before preimplantation.
Topics: Animals; Embryo Implantation; Embryonic Development; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Mice; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 35709541
DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00792 -
Zebrafish Feb 2020Zebrafish () are highly social animals that engage in a diverse variety of nonreproductive social behaviors that emerge as early as 14 days postfertilization (dpf)....
Zebrafish () are highly social animals that engage in a diverse variety of nonreproductive social behaviors that emerge as early as 14 days postfertilization (dpf). However, we observe considerable behavioral variability at this stage, and comparisons across studies are potentially complicated both by chronological gaps in measurements and inconsistencies in developmental staging. To address these issues, we adapted our assay for social orienting and cueing in the adult zebrafish and used it to probe behavior in a critical window of larval development. In addition, we performed measurements of body length and tested a cohort of larvae with impaired growth to understand if this morphological feature is predictive of individual sociality. We report that zebrafish exhibit increasingly complex social behaviors between 10 and 16 dpf, including place preference, orienting, and social cueing. Furthermore, social behavior is related to standard length on an individual basis beginning at 14 dpf, such that developmentally stunted 14 dpf zebrafish raised on dry feed do not exhibit social behaviors, suggesting some morphological features are more predictive than chronological age. This highly variable and early stage in development provides an opportunity to further understand how genetic and environmental factors affect the assembly of neural circuits underlying complex behaviors.
Topics: Animals; Body Size; Cues; Orientation, Spatial; Social Behavior; Zebrafish
PubMed: 31930951
DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2019.1815 -
International Journal For Parasitology May 2000The mechanisms which control the expression of developmentally regulated genes in trypanosomatids remain unclear. The genes are grouped together into transcription units... (Review)
Review
The mechanisms which control the expression of developmentally regulated genes in trypanosomatids remain unclear. The genes are grouped together into transcription units that are co-transcribed to yield polycistronic RNAs. Trans-splicing and polyadenylation give rise to mature, monocistronic mRNAs. It is difficult to imagine that expression of these genes is controlled at the level of transcription initiation because this would suggest that the genes are transcribed at the same rate. This is not the case, because at any given developmental stage in trypanosomes or Leishmania, genes transcribed from the same transcription unit are expressed at different levels within the cell. Consequently, these parasites must rely on post-transcriptional or post-translational mechanisms to generate the appropriate levels of gene product within the cell. There are no well-established examples of RNA polymerase II promoters in trypanosomes or Leishmania. However, the promoters for genes encoding the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) and the procyclic acidic repetitive protein (PARP) have been identified and resemble ribosomal RNA polymerase I promoters. In higher eukaryotes where the mechanisms regulating transcription are clearer, there is increasing evidence that epigenetic factors, such as histones and modified bases, influence gene expression. Chemical modification of these factors can restructure chromatin and lead to gene activation or silencing. In trypanosomatids, an epigenetic mechanism for the control of developmentally expressed genes is a possibility. In this review, chromatin remodelling during the life and cell cycle of trypanosomes and Leishmania is explored, and the influence of epigenetic factors such as histones and modified bases on this process is discussed.
Topics: Animals; Chromatin; Gene Expression Regulation; Genotype; Histones; Karyotyping; Life Cycle Stages; Transcriptional Activation; Trypanosoma
PubMed: 10856501
DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00052-7 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2009Spermatogenesis is a cyclic process during which, within each epithelial area, various generations of germ cells undergo a series of developmental steps according to a... (Review)
Review
Spermatogenesis is a cyclic process during which, within each epithelial area, various generations of germ cells undergo a series of developmental steps according to a fixed time schedule. The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium can be subdivided into stages. In the mouse, 12 such stages have been described that can be distinguished from one another by steps in spermatid development. The best way to recognize the stages in seminiferous tubule cross-sections is to use Bouin's-fixed testes of normal mice and sections stained with the Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) technique and hematoxylin. Unfortunately, this is not always possible. Sometimes PAS staining cannot be used, such as when immunohistochemistry is carried out. Moreover, not all germ cell types may be present in some instances, as in young or mutant mice. We summarize here all stage-identifying criteria that can be used in the ideal situation as well as in hematoxylin-only stained sections and/or when germ cell types are missing.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Male; Mice; Microtomy; Seminiferous Tubules; Staining and Labeling; Time Factors; Tissue Fixation
PubMed: 19685330
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-103-5_16 -
An accurate regression of developmental stages for breast cancer based on transcriptomic biomarkers.Biomarkers in Medicine Jan 2019Breast cancers at different stages have tremendous differences on both phenotypic and molecular patterns. The developmental stage is an essential factor in the clinical...
AIM
Breast cancers at different stages have tremendous differences on both phenotypic and molecular patterns. The developmental stage is an essential factor in the clinical decision of treatment plans, but was usually formulated as a classification problem, which ignored the consecutive relationships among them.
MATERIALS & METHODS
This study proposed a regression-based procedure to detect the stage biomarkers of breast cancers. Biomarkers were detected by the Lasso and Ridge algorithms.
RESULTS & CONCLUSION
A collaboration duet of Lasso and Ridge regression algorithms achieved the best performances, with classification accuracy (Acc) equal to 0.8294 and regression goodness-of-fit (R) equal to 0.7810. The 265 biomarker genes were enriched with the signal peptide-based secretion function with the Bonferroni-corrected p-value equal to 6.9408e-3 and false discovery rate (FDR) equal to 1.1614e-2.
Topics: Algorithms; Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast Neoplasms; Computational Biology; Decision Making; Female; Humans; Neoplasm Staging; Transcriptome
PubMed: 30484698
DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0305 -
AORN Journal Feb 2023Pediatric patients do not undergo procedures exclusively at pediatric specialty facilities. Many perioperative nurses will care for a pediatric patient at some point in...
Pediatric patients do not undergo procedures exclusively at pediatric specialty facilities. Many perioperative nurses will care for a pediatric patient at some point in their career. Children and their caregivers often experience elevated levels of anxiety during the perioperative experience. Possessing knowledge of the child's age and developmental stage and using effective communication techniques can decrease this anxiety. This article presents insights into the stages of pediatric cognitive and psychosocial development and special pediatric health care considerations. Approaching and interacting with a child in a manner appropriate for their age and developmental stage can foster a more trusting nurse-child-caregiver relationship and reassure the caregiver that the perioperative team is providing their child with safe, high-quality care. Also included are five hypothetical case studies that illustrate effective communication styles and developmentally appropriate techniques that personnel can apply during the pediatric patient's perioperative experience.
Topics: Child; Humans; Patients; Anxiety; Caregivers
PubMed: 36705448
DOI: 10.1002/aorn.13863