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Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition... Mar 2004Recent developments in molecular biology have led to the recognition of food-derived lipids and their metabolites, including cholesterol, fatty acids, bile acids and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Recent developments in molecular biology have led to the recognition of food-derived lipids and their metabolites, including cholesterol, fatty acids, bile acids and litocholic acids, as ligands of each corresponding nuclear receptor and regulators of key physiological events. Intake of diacylglycerol, which comprises up to 10% of glycerides in plant-derived edible fats and oils and contains 70% of the unusual 1,3-species, has been shown to affect lipid and glucose metabolism. Effects include lowering of plasma triacylglycerol, decreasing postprandial hyperlipidemia and hemoglobin A1c, increasing energy expenditure, and reducing diet-induced obesity compared with triacylglycerol, which has a similar fatty acid composition. This review summarizes recent research into the metabolic effects and possible mechanisms of diacylglycerol outcome.
RECENT FINDINGS
Reacylation to triacylglycerol in small intestinal cells was found to be slower with diacylglycerol feeding than triacylglycerol feeding. Expression of mRNA of beta-oxidative and uncoupling proteins 2 was also increased in liver and/or intestinal cells on feeding diacylglycerol compared with triacylglycerol. Because the energy value and absorptive and digestive properties are similar, the different effects of diacylglycerol compared with triacylglycerol are due to their structural differences.
SUMMARY
The stimulation of enzyme activities responsible for beta-oxidation and regulation of lipid metabolism-related gene expression in the small intestine may contribute to reduced postprandial hyperlipidemia as well as to increased energy expenditure, which result in suppression of diet-induced obesity. Further analysis is required to elucidate the chemical and biological properties of diacylglycerol, especially of 1,3-diacylglycerol, on digestion, absorption and metabolic processes that may provide new insights for managing a lifestyle-related chronic disease such as the metabolic syndrome.
Topics: Animals; Diglycerides; Energy Metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Humans; Intestine, Small; Lipid Metabolism; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 15075704
DOI: 10.1097/00075197-200403000-00007 -
Obesity Research Nov 2005Obesity is at the forefront of global health issues and directly contributes to many chronic illnesses. Several dietary components show promise in the treatment of... (Review)
Review
Obesity is at the forefront of global health issues and directly contributes to many chronic illnesses. Several dietary components show promise in the treatment of obesity, one of which is oil rich in diacylglycerols (DAGs). Present objectives are to examine scientific knowledge concerning DAG to assess evidence supporting the effects on substrate oxidation rates, body weight and fat mass, and blood lipids, and to assess safety, as well as elucidate potential mechanisms of action. DAG can be synthesized by an enzymatic process to produce mainly 1,3-isoform DAG. This 1,3-DAG oil is believed to have the ability to increase beta-oxidation, to enhance body weight loss, to suppress body fat accumulation, and to lower serum triacylglycerol levels postprandially. While certain animal and human studies indicate that consumption of 1,3-DAG has positive physiological effects, others report no effect. The mechanisms of action of DAG are suggested to decrease the resynthesis of chylomicrons as well as shunting them directly to the liver through the portal vein, where they are oxidized. This increased fat oxidation may influence control of food intake by increasing satiety. Further study into the precise mechanism is required to understand its effects. Safety studies show no risks in consuming a diet rich in DAG oil. Overall, consumption of oils with higher amounts of DAG, specifically 1,3-DAG, may be useful in the battle against obesity.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Obesity Agents; Body Composition; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Diglycerides; Female; Humans; Lipids; Male; Obesity; Oxidation-Reduction; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 16339116
DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.229 -
Trends in Biochemical Sciences Nov 2011Diacylglycerol signals by binding and activating C1 domain-containing proteins expressed principally in neuronal and immune tissues. This restricted expression profile... (Review)
Review
Diacylglycerol signals by binding and activating C1 domain-containing proteins expressed principally in neuronal and immune tissues. This restricted expression profile suggests that diacylglycerol-regulated signals are particularly relevant in cell-cell communication processes in which active endocytosis and exocytosis take place. Not surprisingly, various experimental approaches have demonstrated a crucial role for diacylglycerol effectors and metabolizing enzymes in the control of immune responses, neuron communication and phagocytosis. Current research delineates a scenario in which coordinated decoding of diacylglycerol signals is translated into complex biological responses such as neuronal plasticity, T cell development or cytolytic killing. Diacylglycerol functions reach maximal diversity in these highly specialized systems in which signal intensity directly regulates distinct biological outcomes. This review brings together the most recent studies, emphasizing the contribution of compartmentalized DAG metabolism to orientated signaling events.
Topics: Animals; Cell Membrane; Diglycerides; Humans; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 21798744
DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.06.005 -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Jan 2009Diacylglycerol oil is an edible oil with taste and usability characteristics comparable to naturally occurring oils. The objective of this review is to examine... (Review)
Review
Diacylglycerol oil is an edible oil with taste and usability characteristics comparable to naturally occurring oils. The objective of this review is to examine literature on diacylglycerol oil to assess its safety-in-use. Feeding rats with unheated or heated diacylglycerol oil at levels up to 5.5% in diet for 90 days did not cause any toxic effects. In chronic studies, dietary administration of diacylglycerol oil (up to 5.3%) to rats for 2 years or at 9.5% to Beagle dogs for 1 year had no adverse effects. Genotoxicity studies of unheated and heated diacylglycerol oil did not reveal any genotoxic effects. Carcinogenicity studies in rodents demonstrate that diacylglycerol oil is non-carcinogenic. In a two-generation reproductive and developmental toxicity study, gavage administration of diacylglycerol oil at dose levels of 5.0 ml/kg body weight/day did not reveal any adverse effects. In several human clinical investigations, administration of diacylglycerol oil at levels up to 0.5 g/kg body weight/day for up to 1 year did not cause adverse effects. Collectively, there is sufficient qualitative and quantitative scientific evidence available from animal and human studies suggesting that intake of diacylglycerol oil is safe for human consumption when used in a manner similar to other edible oils.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Diglycerides; Dogs; Drug Administration Schedule; Food Additives; Humans; Rats
PubMed: 18848965
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.044 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2020Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a world leading anti-obesity functional cooking oil synthesized structural modification of conventional fats and oils. DAG exits in three... (Review)
Review
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a world leading anti-obesity functional cooking oil synthesized structural modification of conventional fats and oils. DAG exits in three stereoisomers namely -1,2-DAG, -1,3-DAG, and -2,3-DAG. DAG particularly -1,3-DAG demonstrated to have the potential in suppressing body fat accumulation and lowering postprandial serum triacylglycerol, cholesterol and glucose level. DAG also showed to improve bone health. This is attributed to DAG structure itself that caused it to absorb and digest different metabolic pathway than conventional fats and oils. With its purported health benefits, many studies attempt to enzymatically or chemically synthesis DAG through various routes. DAG has also received wide attention as low calorie fat substitute and has been incorporated into various food matrixes. Despite being claimed as healthy cooking oil the safety of DAG still remained uncertain. DAG was banned from sale as it was found to contain probable carcinogen glycidol fatty acid esters. The article aims to provide a comprehensive and latest review of DAG emphasizing on its structure and properties, safety and regulation, process developments, metabolism and beneficial health attributes as well as its applications in the food industry.
Topics: Cholesterol; Diet, Healthy; Diglycerides; Food Safety; Functional Food; Glucose; Humans; Oils; Postprandial Period; Triglycerides
PubMed: 31418288
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1650001 -
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Jan 2022This study determined the influence of diacylglycerol (DAG) pre-emulsion on the gel properties and microstructure of golden thread surimi gels. DAG emulsion stabilized...
This study determined the influence of diacylglycerol (DAG) pre-emulsion on the gel properties and microstructure of golden thread surimi gels. DAG emulsion stabilized using sodium caseinate was pre-emulsified through ultrasound. The average particle size of DAG pre-emulsion decreased from 1324.15 nm to 41.19 nm, with notable improvements in apparent viscosity and storage stability. The surimi gels with different amounts (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% w/w) of DAG pre-emulsion were prepared under heat induction. The whiteness of the composite gels markedly increased with the incorporation of DAG pre-emulsion. The peak T value of immobilized water, the gel strength, and water-holding capacity increased gradually, but it slightly decreased with the addition of 7% pre-emulsion. The curve of G' and G″ kept climbing as the concentration of pre-emulsion, and the microstructure of the gel network tended to become denser and more orderly. Principal component analysis (PCA) of electronic nose results showed that the surimi gels containing pre-emulsion could be clearly distinguished from the control group. In conclusion, the addition of 5% DAG pre-emulsion to surimi not only improved gel properties to the highest extent but also be compensated for lipid loss during the rinsing of surimi.
Topics: Diglycerides; Emulsions; Fish Products; Gels; Ultrasonics; Water
PubMed: 35042162
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105915 -
Biochimie Dec 2014This mini-review presents recent advances in the regulation of the membrane transbilayer movement (or flip-flop) of diacylglycerol (DAG), a key intermediate in lipid... (Review)
Review
This mini-review presents recent advances in the regulation of the membrane transbilayer movement (or flip-flop) of diacylglycerol (DAG), a key intermediate in lipid metabolism and a second messenger in lipid-mediated signaling. Despite progresses in lipid biophysics and imaging, little is known about the DAG dynamics across the two leaflets of the plasma membrane in living cells. Previous model membrane studies with DAG analogs demonstrated their fast flip-flop suggesting that DAG is evenly distributed between the two leaflets of the plasma membrane. However, recent molecular dynamics simulations indicate that DAG transbilayer movement depends on the lipid environment surrounding the lipid, i.e. DAG flips more slowly across a more ordered "lipid raft-like" bilayer (enriched in sphingomyelin/cholesterol) than across a more fluid bilayer (composed of unsaturated glycerophospholipids). Furthermore using the yellow fluorescent protein-tagged C1AB domain from protein kinase C-γ (EYFP-C1AB) that selectively binds DAG, we recently proved that the sphingomyelin (SM) content in the plasma membrane outer leaflet regulates DAG transbilayer movement in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells treated with bacterial phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C. The dose-dependent inhibition of DAG flip-flop by SM could be reproduced in model membranes using fluorescent short chain DAG analog. Regulation of DAG transbilayer movement by the outer leaflet SM content is expected to modify the downstream recruitment of C1-domain containing effectors, thus bringing new insights on the role of DAG dynamics in cell pathophysiology.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Cell Membrane; Diglycerides; Dogs; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; Lipid Bilayers; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Sphingomyelins
PubMed: 25241257
DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.014 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Oct 2015The neutral lipids diacylglycerols (DAGs) are involved in a plethora of metabolic pathways. They function as components of cellular membranes, as building blocks for... (Review)
Review
The neutral lipids diacylglycerols (DAGs) are involved in a plethora of metabolic pathways. They function as components of cellular membranes, as building blocks for glycero(phospho)lipids, and as lipid second messengers. Considering their central role in multiple metabolic processes and signaling pathways, cellular DAG levels require a tight regulation to ensure a constant and controlled availability. Interestingly, DAG species are versatile in their chemical structure. Besides the different fatty acid species esterified to the glycerol backbone, DAGs can occur in three different stereo/regioisoforms, each with unique biological properties. Recent scientific advances have revealed that DAG metabolizing enzymes generate and distinguish different DAG isoforms, and that only one DAG isoform holds signaling properties. Herein, we review the current knowledge of DAG stereochemistry and their impact on cellular metabolism and signaling. Further, we describe intracellular DAG turnover and its stereochemistry in a 3-pool model to illustrate the spatial and stereochemical separation and hereby the diversity of cellular DAG metabolism.
Topics: Animals; Cell Membrane; Diglycerides; Insulin; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Mice; Models, Biological; Signal Transduction; Stereoisomerism; Type C Phospholipases
PubMed: 26153463
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1982-3 -
Biochemical Society Transactions May 1993
Review
Topics: Acrosome; Animals; Diglycerides; Exocytosis; Male; Sheep
PubMed: 8359482
DOI: 10.1042/bst0210284 -
Comparative Biochemistry and... Jul 19931. Properties, distribution and multiplicity of phosphoinositidases (phospholipase C, PLC) are investigated. 2. Generation of diacylglycerol (DAG) by a variety of... (Review)
Review
1. Properties, distribution and multiplicity of phosphoinositidases (phospholipase C, PLC) are investigated. 2. Generation of diacylglycerol (DAG) by a variety of enzymes such as phosphoinositide and phosphatidylcholine specific PLC, by a combination of phospholipase D and phosphatidic hydrolase, and by triglyceride lipase is examined. 3. Ca2+ and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C act as the target of DAG messenger action. 4. There are differences in the formation of DAG in normal and transformal cell.
Topics: Animals; Diglycerides; Phospholipids; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 7900958
DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(93)90070-2