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Dermatology Nursing Feb 1997The diaper-wearing population has expanded from infants and children to include adults, especially the elderly. Nurses caring for patients over a wide age range are... (Review)
Review
The diaper-wearing population has expanded from infants and children to include adults, especially the elderly. Nurses caring for patients over a wide age range are commonly asked for advice about diapering choices, and for guidance in evaluation, prophylaxis, and treatment of diaper rashes. Two different diaper types, disposables and reusables, and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. A systematic approach is presented for the nursing evaluation of common diaper rashes and their differentiation from rarer skin eruptions of the groin and perineum in diaper-wearing persons.
Topics: Adult; Conservation of Natural Resources; Diagnosis, Differential; Diaper Rash; Disposable Equipment; Education, Nursing, Continuing; Female; Humans; Incontinence Pads; Infant; Infant Care; Male; Risk Factors; Skin Care
PubMed: 9171562
DOI: No ID Found -
Dermatologic Therapy 2005Diaper dermatitis is one of the most common skin disorders in infants. The humid, moist environment under the diaper makes the skin more susceptible to injury from... (Review)
Review
Diaper dermatitis is one of the most common skin disorders in infants. The humid, moist environment under the diaper makes the skin more susceptible to injury from exposure to irritants particularly related to urine and feces. A gentle cleansing routine, frequent diaper changes, and a thick barrier cream help control this condition. Irritant diaper dermatitis should be distinguished from other skin conditions that may develop in this sensitive area.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Dermatologic Agents; Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant
PubMed: 15953142
DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2005.05013.x -
Clinical Pediatrics May 2017Mild diaper dermatitis often occurs in children before toilet training is complete, particularly from 9 to 12 months of age, and the most common presentation is an...
Mild diaper dermatitis often occurs in children before toilet training is complete, particularly from 9 to 12 months of age, and the most common presentation is an irritant contact dermatitis. Diaper dermatitis may account for up to 25% of dermatology visits to health care providers during the first year of life. Fortunately, since the introduction of hypoallergenic, superabsorbent modern disposable diapers, the incidence and severity of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis has decreased dramatically. Diaper dermatitis broadly refers to skin disorders that occur in the diaper area, such as skin eruptions triggered by diapers, rashes exacerbated by the diaper, and other events that occur in the diaper area. A number of skin conditions that can occur anywhere on the skin may present with distinctive findings in the diaper area. The following discussion will review the most common triggers of diaper dermatitis and contact irritant dermatitis, while focusing on the skin conditions that may be associated or overlap clinically with contact dermatitis.
Topics: Acute Disease; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Dermatitis, Contact; Diagnosis, Differential; Diaper Rash; Diapers, Infant; Disposable Equipment; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Keratosis, Seborrheic; Male; Staphylococcal Skin Infections
PubMed: 28420251
DOI: 10.1177/0009922817706982 -
The Australasian Journal of Dermatology Nov 2021Baby wipes are a commonly used cleansing method for infants. A literature review has been performed to assess if using baby wipes is beneficial or harmful compared to... (Review)
Review
Baby wipes are a commonly used cleansing method for infants. A literature review has been performed to assess if using baby wipes is beneficial or harmful compared to water and cloth in terms of nappy rash. This includes a detailed analysis of baby wipe ingredients, as many skin irritants as well as allergens are identified. MedLine, Embase and PubMed were searched and after 420 titles and abstracts were screened, 21 studies remained for inclusion. Baby wipes are deemed as superior to water and cloth in the majority of the literature. However, no definitive conclusion can be drawn as many studies are also industry funded. The most notable allergens identified are fragrances, such as linalool, cocamidopropyl betaine (surfactant), formaldehyde-releasing preservatives and other preservatives, including methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone. As not all allergens are listed on the label accurately, this can be misleading for the consumer.
Topics: Diaper Rash; Household Products; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Perfume
PubMed: 34523734
DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13715 -
Pediatric Dermatology 2000Diaper rash is a common infant malady. This study documents the earliest stages of rash in a cohort of 31 healthy term newborns over the first 28 days of life. The...
Diaper rash is a common infant malady. This study documents the earliest stages of rash in a cohort of 31 healthy term newborns over the first 28 days of life. The diaper area was evaluated using a standardized diaper rash grading scale. The anal, buttock, genital, intertriginous, waistband, and leg areas were assessed separately. At birth the average grade was 0.1 and none of the infants had specific features of advanced rash. Nineteen percent had dryness and/or slight redness. By day 7, 71% of infants had some features of skin compromise, giving rise to an overall grade of 0.6. Both the frequency and overall grade increased during postnatal weeks 2 and 3. Overall scores for days 21 and 28 were the same (1.1). The perianal area had the highest overall regional rash grade. Gender differences were present for the genital area only. These findings indicate that epidermal barrier breakdown is an uncommon finding at birth. Clinical signs of irritated skin in the diaper area develop progressively over the first postnatal month. A better understanding of the mechanisms conferring epidermal barrier protection at birth may be important for developing skin care products and practices to extend this protection later into life.
Topics: Diaper Rash; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 10720989
DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1470.2000.01710.x -
Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur... Sep 2011Diaper dermatitis is one of the most common skin diseases during infancy and childhood. It is a type of irritant contact eczema resulting from a complex interaction... (Review)
Review
Diaper dermatitis is one of the most common skin diseases during infancy and childhood. It is a type of irritant contact eczema resulting from a complex interaction between urine and feces under occlusive conditions in combination with the hyperhydration of the stratum corneum, pressure and friction under the diaper. These conditions pave the way for Candida albicans infection, which is often associated with diaper dermatitis. The anogenital region can be involved by a variety of dermatoses, so a precise skin examination, detailed history and sometimes histologic examination are needed for a precise diagnosis. Therapeutically, frequent diaper changes and adequate skin care are most important.
Topics: Biopsy; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant; Risk Factors; Skin; Skin Ulcer; Superinfection
PubMed: 21882101
DOI: 10.1007/s00105-011-2223-9 -
Pediatric Clinics of North America Apr 2014This article presents an overview of diaper dermatitis for the pediatric community. The pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and management of this common condition in... (Review)
Review
This article presents an overview of diaper dermatitis for the pediatric community. The pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and management of this common condition in infancy are reviewed. This information will assist in making the appropriate diagnosis and managing this irritant contact dermatitis of the diaper area. With conservative management, most cases of irritant diaper dermatitis are self-limited. When the condition persists, one must consider other diagnoses.
Topics: Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Skin
PubMed: 24636651
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2013.11.009 -
Pediatric Dermatology Nov 2014Disposable diapers are the most common diaper care practice in Western societies today, and their use continues to increase globally. Improvements in disposable diaper... (Review)
Review
Disposable diapers are the most common diaper care practice in Western societies today, and their use continues to increase globally. Improvements in disposable diaper technology have helped to reduce the prevalence and severity of diaper dermatitis (DD) over the course of the last few decades. This article reviews how changes in disposable diaper technology interact with the various etiological factors in DD, thus helping to improve overall diaper area skin health for children around the world.
Topics: Diaper Rash; Diapers, Infant; Disposable Equipment; Humans; Infant; Skin Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 25403933
DOI: 10.1111/pde.12501 -
Current Problems in Dermatology 2018In order to maintain skin in "good condition" one can use cosmetic products. Importantly, those skin care products should fulfil specific requirements for specific life... (Review)
Review
In order to maintain skin in "good condition" one can use cosmetic products. Importantly, those skin care products should fulfil specific requirements for specific life phases and specific skin conditions. In this review, we focused on 2 different age groups - namely, infants and the elderly - as well as on 2 specific skin conditions occurring in both age groups - very dry skin (Xerosis) and hyperhydrated skin (diaper rash). The goal in both conditions should be to maintain skin surface in its physiological acidic state, which is in turn crucial for the permeability barrier function, stratum corneum integrity/cohesion and antimicrobial defense. Skin care products formulated with an effective buffer system at a more acidic pH, for example 4, may be the best option to improve the acid mantle and skin barrier function and thus keep the skin in "good condition."
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Cosmetics; Diaper Rash; Drug Compounding; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infant; Skin; Skin Care; Skin Diseases; Soaps
PubMed: 30130785
DOI: 10.1159/000489531 -
Current Problems in Dermatology 2011Since the 1960s, cloth diapers have been replaced by disposable diapers. The evolution of healthier skin in the diaper area has been demonstrated in parallel to that of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Since the 1960s, cloth diapers have been replaced by disposable diapers. The evolution of healthier skin in the diaper area has been demonstrated in parallel to that of disposable diapers. The improvements of disposable diapers--fit, dryness, comfort--have been based on the understanding of factors playing a role in the development of diaper dermatitis.
Topics: Absorption; Consumer Product Safety; Diaper Rash; Diapers, Infant; Equipment Design; Humans; Hygiene; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Textiles; Urine
PubMed: 21325842
DOI: 10.1159/000321057