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Journal of Pediatric Health Care :... 1987
Topics: Diaper Rash; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Models, Theoretical; Nursing Assessment; Parents
PubMed: 3694391
DOI: 10.1016/0891-5245(87)90153-2 -
International Journal of Dermatology Mar 2018Diaper dermatitis is the most common inflammatory skin eruption within the diaper area in infants and toddlers. Although it rarely causes problems for prolonged periods... (Review)
Review
Diaper dermatitis is the most common inflammatory skin eruption within the diaper area in infants and toddlers. Although it rarely causes problems for prolonged periods of time, it causes considerable distress for both infants and parents. Diapered skin is exposed to friction, excessive hydration, varying pH, and is in constant contact with urine and feces, both of which are highly irritant to the skin. The three most common types of diaper dermatitis include chaffing dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, and diaper candidiasis. However, a variety of other skin conditions may manifest in the diaper area. Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are most frequently isolated from the affected area and are thought to have a predominant role in diaper dermatitis. The review includes an overview of the epidemiology, etiology, and common skin microbiota in the diaper area. State-of-the-art strategies for diagnosis, management, and prevention of diaper dermatitis are also included. Appropriate skin care can help in the prevention of diaper dermatitis and can aid the reparation of the skin. This review discusses common causes, skin microbiota within the diapered area, differential diagnosis, and finally possible prevention and treatment recommendations. Recent findings have proven that the key to efficient eradication of irritant diaper dermatitis lies in its prevention.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Microbiota; Skin
PubMed: 28986935
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13748 -
International Journal of Dermatology Jul 2016Irritant napkin dermatitis (IND, often referred to as irritant diaper dermatitis) is an exceedingly common problem in the first 2 years of life. It is now established... (Review)
Review
Irritant napkin dermatitis (IND, often referred to as irritant diaper dermatitis) is an exceedingly common problem in the first 2 years of life. It is now established that a number of factors are considered important in the etiology of IND. The principal irritants are fecal enzymes, which damage infant skin and are further amplified by a number of factors, including skin maceration and friction, high pH, the presence of urine, and the duration of contact with feces. In recent years, the decreasing incidence and severity of IND reflects improvements in the design and performance of diapers, diaper skin care products, and overall awareness about maintaining infant skin health.
Topics: Diaper Rash; Emollients; Equipment Design; Humans; Infant; Prevalence; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 27311779
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13334 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024Diaper rash, mainly occurring as erythema and itching in the diaper area, causes considerable distress to infants and toddlers. Increasing evidence suggests that an...
Diaper rash, mainly occurring as erythema and itching in the diaper area, causes considerable distress to infants and toddlers. Increasing evidence suggests that an unequal distribution of microorganisms on the skin contributes to the development of diaper dermatitis. Probiotic bacteria, like Staphylococcus epidermidis, are crucial for maintaining a healthy balance in the skin's microbiome, among others, through their fermentative metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids. Using a defined prebiotic as a carbon source (e.g., as part of the diaper formulation) can selectively trigger the fermentation of probiotic bacteria. A proper material choice can reduce diaper rash incidence by diminishing the skin exposure to wetness and faeces. Using 3D printing, we fabricated carbon-rich materials for the top sheet layer of baby diapers that enhance the probiotic activity of S. epidermidis. The developed materials' printability, chemical composition, swelling ability, and degradation rate were analysed. In addition, microbiological tests evaluated their potential as a source of in situ short-chain fatty acid production. Finally, biocompatibility testing with skin cells evaluated their safety for potential use as part of diapers. The results demonstrate a cost-effective approach for producing novel materials that can tailor the ecological balance of the skin microflora and help treat diaper rash.
Topics: Prebiotics; Diaper Rash; Humans; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Polysaccharides; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Infant; Skin; Probiotics
PubMed: 38697421
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131958 -
The Journal of the Royal College of... Mar 1989
Topics: Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Polymers
PubMed: 2555498
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal For Specialists in Pediatric... Apr 2013To assess the efficacy of petrolatum jelly for the prevention of diaper rash and to evaluate the relationship between the occurrence of diaper rash and certain... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
To assess the efficacy of petrolatum jelly for the prevention of diaper rash and to evaluate the relationship between the occurrence of diaper rash and certain treatments and type of nutrition.
DESIGN AND METHODS
A randomized clinical trial was carried out with two parallel groups (n = 213) at the neonatal care unit of Donostia University Hospital in San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa Province, Spain.
RESULTS
There was a lower incidence of diaper rash in the experimental group with petrolatum jelly (17.1%) than the control group (22.2%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p =.39). The use of antibiotics and oral 50% glucose as well as an increased number of stools are associated with a higher incidence of diaper rash, while breastfeeding and phototherapy are protective factors.
PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
Prevention is strengthened by a better understanding of the risk factors.
Topics: Diaper Rash; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Care; Infant, Newborn; Male; Petrolatum; Spain; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 23560584
DOI: 10.1111/jspn.12022 -
Pediatric Dermatology Apr 1984The growth of Candida albicans experimentally inoculated onto the skin of human volunteers was not enhanced by the addition of either cornstarch powder or talcum powder.... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
The growth of Candida albicans experimentally inoculated onto the skin of human volunteers was not enhanced by the addition of either cornstarch powder or talcum powder. Sufficient nutrients for growth of C. albicans exist on human skin, provided sufficient moisture is present. Cornstarch and talc powders were shown to minimize frictional injury experimentally induced in human volunteers. These studies indicate that cornstarch and talc powders do not enhance the growth of yeasts on human skin and do provide protection against frictional injury.
Topics: Candida albicans; Diaper Rash; Humans; Powders; Skin; Starch; Talc; Zea mays
PubMed: 6387672
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.1984.tb01138.x -
Clinical Pediatrics May 2017Over the past several years, a number of articles and online posts have circulated on the Internet associating use of disposable and cloth diapers with chemical burns on...
Over the past several years, a number of articles and online posts have circulated on the Internet associating use of disposable and cloth diapers with chemical burns on babies' skin. Because both mild chemical burns and diaper dermatitis (diaper rash) can cause skin redness and peeling, it is not surprising that some confusion has arisen regarding the association between these two conditions. However, diapers cannot cause chemical burns because they are made of inert materials. Diaper rash and chemical burns are distinct conditions that require different evaluation and treatment, which is why it is important for pediatricians to help parents understand the difference.
Topics: Burns, Chemical; Child, Preschool; Diaper Rash; Diapers, Infant; Humans; Infant
PubMed: 28420253
DOI: 10.1177/0009922817706976 -
BioMed Research International 2018Diaper rash, also known as diaper dermatitis (DD), is a very common skin condition in infants, and use of disposable diapers with breathable materials is an effective... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Comparison of the Effectiveness of New Material Diapers versus Standard Diapers for the Prevention of Diaper Rash in Chinese Babies: A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled, Cross-Over Study.
BACKGROUND
Diaper rash, also known as diaper dermatitis (DD), is a very common skin condition in infants, and use of disposable diapers with breathable materials is an effective approach for the management of diaper rash. In China, new material diapers and standard diapers are currently the two most commonly used disposable diapers. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of new material diapers versus standard diaper for the prevention of diaper rash in Chinese babies.
METHODS
A total of 80 eligible babies admitted to Shanghai Skin Diseases Hospital during the period from June through July, 2016, were enrolled and randomized into two groups. Babies in Group A ( = 41) used the new material diapers, and babies in Group B ( = 39) used standard diapers. Two weeks after the use of the diaper, the babies used the alternate product for the next 2 weeks. Skin conditions were assessed on the front and back waist, right and left buttock, pubic region, anal region, and right and left groin using a 6-point scoring system based on four parameters in 0, 2, and 4 weeks after use of the diapers.
RESULTS
There were changes of the mean skin assessment score in each of the six regions after the use of the diapers. There were significant differences, in the mean skin assessment score of the front waist in Group A between weeks 2 and 4 ( = 0.006) and in Group B between weeks 0 and 2 ( = 0.004), and no significant differences were detected in the mean skin assessment score of the back waist and buttock in both Group A and Group B on weeks 0, 2, and 4. A higher mean skin assessment score of the pubic region was assessed in Group A on week 4 than on week 2 ( = 0.036), with a higher score seen on week 2 than on week 0 ( = 0.048), while no significant differences were found in Group B among weeks 0, 2, or 4. There was a higher mean score of the anal region assessed in Group A on week 2 than on week 0 ( = 0.01), while a higher mean score was found in Group B on week 2 than on weeks 0 ( = 0.036) and 4 ( = 0.01). In addition, a higher mean skin assessment score of the groin was detected on week 2 than on week 0 in both Group A ( = 0.00001) and Group B ( = 0.0001).
CONCLUSION
The new material diaper is superior to the standard diaper for the prevention of diaper rash in Chinese babies.
Topics: Asian People; China; Cross-Over Studies; Diaper Rash; Diapers, Infant; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Care; Infant, Newborn; Male
PubMed: 30035123
DOI: 10.1155/2018/5874184 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Aug 1988
Topics: Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Starch
PubMed: 3401821
DOI: No ID Found