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British Medical Journal (Clinical... Feb 1988
Topics: Contraception; Contraceptive Devices, Female; Family Planning Services; Female; Humans; Pregnancy
PubMed: 3125907
DOI: No ID Found -
Afrique Francaise Chirurgicale Jan 1954
Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Contraceptive Devices, Female; Diaphragm; Female; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Humans
PubMed: 13138452
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Obstetrics and... Dec 1953
Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Contraceptive Devices, Female; Diaphragm; Female; Humans; Postpartum Period
PubMed: 13131117
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1953.tb07281.x -
Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) Apr 2002The diaphragm is usually used with a spermicide. However, some practitioners have suggested that spermicides offer no additional contraceptive protection and have... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The diaphragm is usually used with a spermicide. However, some practitioners have suggested that spermicides offer no additional contraceptive protection and have advocated alternative guidelines for the use of diaphragms. The objective of this review was to compare the effectiveness, safety and acceptability of the diaphragm with and without spermicide.
METHODS AND RESULTS
We searched Medline, Embase, Popline, CINAHL, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and reference lists of relevant articles. In addition, we contacted experts in the field to identify unpublished studies. Randomized controlled trials comparing women of reproductive age using the diaphragm with and without spermicide as the sole contraceptive method that reported clinical outcomes were selected. Two reviewers independently extracted data on outcomes and trial characteristics and any discrepancies were resolved by consensus or by consultation with the third reviewer. The results of the one identified study are presented descriptively. We identified only one study. No significant difference was found in the pregnancy rates (with typical use or consistent use) or discontinuation rates between the diaphragm-with-spermicide and diaphragm-without-spermicide groups. There was a trend towards higher pregnancy rates in the diaphragm-without-spermicide group. However, this study failed to recruit the planned number of participants and was consequently underpowered.
CONCLUSIONS
As only one underpowered study was identified, we cannot distinguish between the contraceptive effectiveness of the diaphragm with and without spermicide. We cannot draw any conclusion at this point; further research is needed.
Topics: Contraception; Contraceptive Devices, Female; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Spermatocidal Agents
PubMed: 11925374
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/17.4.867 -
Population Reports. Series H, Barrier... Jan 1976
Review
Topics: Cervix Uteri; Contraceptive Devices, Female; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Quality Control; Spermatocidal Agents; Vagina
PubMed: 765175
DOI: No ID Found -
Tubercle Feb 1951
Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Contraceptive Devices, Female; Diaphragm; Female; Humans; Pregnancy
PubMed: 14809767
DOI: 10.1016/s0041-3879(51)80089-8 -
The Medical Journal of Australia Aug 1981
Topics: Contraceptive Devices, Female; Female; Humans; Male; Spermatocidal Agents; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 7300731
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Ultrastructure Research Apr 1962
Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Capillaries; Cardiovascular System; Contraceptive Devices, Female; Diaphragm; Female; Histological Techniques; Humans
PubMed: 14491797
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(62)90052-7 -
American Journal of Obstetrics and... May 1988The normal insertion of a contraceptive diaphragm into the vagina of five young women induced a dramatic increase in the vaginal oxygen tension (131 +/- 13 mm Hg, mean...
The normal insertion of a contraceptive diaphragm into the vagina of five young women induced a dramatic increase in the vaginal oxygen tension (131 +/- 13 mm Hg, mean +/- SD, n = 5), which slowly fell at an initial rate of 0.9 +/- 0.2 mm Hg/min. Withdrawal of the diaphragm immediately restored vaginal oxygen tension to the normal hypoxic state (11 +/- 12 mm Hg). The change in gaseous equilibrium created by the trapped air of the diaphragm could have significant actions on the microbial activity and balance of the vagina.
Topics: Adult; Contraceptive Devices, Female; Female; Humans; Oxygen; Spermatocidal Agents; Vagina
PubMed: 3369481
DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(88)90214-1 -
Praxis Mar 1948
Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Contraceptive Devices, Female; Diaphragm; Female; Humans
PubMed: 18909823
DOI: No ID Found