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Pediatric Annals Aug 2016Innocent heart murmurs are quite common in children and adolescents. These murmurs are physiologic in nature and are not associated with any structural heart disease.... (Review)
Review
Innocent heart murmurs are quite common in children and adolescents. These murmurs are physiologic in nature and are not associated with any structural heart disease. Not only does the idea of having a child with a murmur bring unnecessary unrest to families, but the child also often goes through numerous tests that could be avoided. It is critical to obtain a detailed history and perform a thorough physical examination to diagnose these innocent murmurs. This article reviews the different types of innocent murmurs, their characteristics, how they can be differentiated on the physical examination, and most importantly, how they can be differentiated from pathologic murmurs, which require referral to a pediatric cardiologist and additional testing. [Pediatr Ann. 2016;45(8):e306-e309.].
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Heart Diseases; Heart Murmurs; Humans; Medical History Taking; Pediatrics; Physical Examination
PubMed: 27517359
DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20160720-09 -
Current Problems in Cardiology Feb 2023A heart murmur in adults is a common reason for referral for echocardiography at most general cardiology clinics in Europe. A murmur may indicate either a mild... (Review)
Review
A heart murmur in adults is a common reason for referral for echocardiography at most general cardiology clinics in Europe. A murmur may indicate either a mild age-related valvular calcification or regurgitation, or represent a significant heart valve disease requiring valvular intervention. Generally, the correlation between murmurs by auscultation and severity of heart valve disease by echocardiography is poor. Particularly, the severity and characterization of diastolic murmurs by auscultation may poorly correlate with echocardiographic findings. This narrative review aims to summarize the differential diagnoses of physiological and pathological murmurs, describes the current referral practice of murmur patients for echocardiography, and presents a single-center experience on the correlation of auscultation and echocardiographic findings with a particular focus on aortic and mitral valve diseases. A careful auscultation of the heart prior to the echocardiogram is mandatory and may help to predict the echocardiographic findings and their interpretation in view of the clinical information. The correlation between clinical examination, point of care ultrasound and standard echocardiography is a matter of continued exploration.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Heart Auscultation; Cardiologists; Heart Murmurs; Echocardiography; Heart Valve Diseases
PubMed: 36336114
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101479 -
JAMA Pediatrics Aug 2023
Topics: Child; Humans; Heart Murmurs; Referral and Consultation
PubMed: 37358864
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.1376 -
American Heart Journal May 1963
Topics: Aortic Valve; Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease; Heart Auscultation; Heart Defects, Congenital; Heart Diseases; Heart Murmurs; Heart Valve Diseases; Humans; Pulmonary Valve
PubMed: 13975540
DOI: 10.1016/0002-8703(63)90134-0 -
Malattie Cardiovascolari 1964
Topics: Heart Diseases; Heart Murmurs; Heart Valve Diseases; Heart Valves; Humans; Mitral Valve Stenosis; Phonocardiography; Pulmonary Valve; Rheumatic Heart Disease
PubMed: 14223001
DOI: No ID Found -
Dental Update Mar 2001Patients with cardiac murmurs may have a predisposition to infective endocarditis, and the dental practitioner must be aware of this potential problem. This article... (Review)
Review
Patients with cardiac murmurs may have a predisposition to infective endocarditis, and the dental practitioner must be aware of this potential problem. This article reviews cardiac murmurs and how they are investigated by physicians to assess their significance. Practical advice is offered concerning the need to refer patients with a suspected heart murmur. The emergency and elective dental management of patients with heart murmurs is included, together with recommended regimens for antibiotic prophylaxis.
Topics: Adult; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Child; Child, Preschool; Connective Tissue Diseases; Dental Care for Chronically Ill; Diastole; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Female; Heart Murmurs; Humans; Liability, Legal; Mitral Valve Prolapse; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Rheumatic Fever; Systole
PubMed: 11819961
DOI: 10.12968/denu.2001.28.2.76 -
The Journal of the Kansas Medical... May 1953
Topics: Heart Murmurs; Heart Sounds; Sound; Systolic Murmurs
PubMed: 13069853
DOI: No ID Found -
Current Pediatric Reviews 2019Congenital heart disease is present in almost 1% of live births and despite current progress in prenatal screening a significant percentage has delayed diagnosis or... (Review)
Review
Congenital heart disease is present in almost 1% of live births and despite current progress in prenatal screening a significant percentage has delayed diagnosis or remain undiagnosed. A cardiac murmur may be the first or unique clinical sign of congenital heart disease in childhood, however, less than 1% of auscultated murmurs are of an organic cause. Distinguishing between an innocent and a pathologic murmur can be challenging and the experience of the examiner is crucial for identifying the distinctive properties of an innocent murmur. Timely diagnosis of underlying cardiovascular pathology is of great significance so that prompt management is provided and morbidity or mortality are restricted. Of similar importance is the avoidance of unnecessary anxiety for the parents and unreasonable referrals to Paediatric Cardiologists. Indications for referral include a medical history suggestive of a cardiac abnormality, such as the presence of relevant symptoms, the identification of abnormal findings on clinical examination, auscultatory findings suggestive of an organic murmur, and very young patient age. ECG and a chest X-ray are not usually part of the diagnostic approach of a child with a cardiac murmur, as they do not increase the success rate of diagnosing heart disease, as compared to a detailed medical history accompanied by a thorough physical examination. In conclusion, the recognition of suspicious distinctive features of cardiac murmurs is crucial and requires skills based on sufficient training and experience.
Topics: Auscultation; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Echocardiography; Heart Defects, Congenital; Heart Murmurs; Humans; Physicians, Primary Care; Referral and Consultation
PubMed: 30907325
DOI: 10.2174/1573396315666190321105536 -
Pediatrics in Review Jul 2021
Topics: Heart Murmurs; Humans; Physical Examination
PubMed: 34210756
DOI: 10.1542/pir.2020-000604 -
Nature Reviews. Cardiology Jul 2021
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Heart Murmurs; Humans
PubMed: 33976396
DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00567-8