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Toxicology Letters Mar 2010The toxic effects of diazinon and its irradiated solutions were investigated using cultivated human blood cells (lymphocytes and erythrocytes) and skin fibroblasts....
The toxic effects of diazinon and its irradiated solutions were investigated using cultivated human blood cells (lymphocytes and erythrocytes) and skin fibroblasts. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC)-UV/VIS system was used to monitor the disappearance of starting diazinon during 115-min photodegradation and formation of its by-products (diazoxon and 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (IMP)) as a function of time. Dose-dependent AChE and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibition by diazinon was obtained for all investigated cells. Calculated IC(50) (72 h) values, in M, were: 7.5x10(-6)/3.4x10(-5), 8.7x10(-5)/6.6x10(-5), and 3.0x10(-5)/4.6x10(-5) for fibroblast, erythrocyte and lymphocyte AChE/Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, respectively. Results obtained for reference commercially purified target enzymes indicate similar sensitivity of AChE towards diazinon (IC(50) (20 min)-7.8x10(-5)M), while diazinon concentrations below 10mM did not noticeably affect Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity. Besides, diazinon and IMP induced increasing incidence of micronuclei (via clastogenic mode of action) in a dose-dependent manner up to 2x10(-6)M and significant inhibition of cell proliferation and increased level of malondialdehyde at all investigated concentrations. Although after 15-min diazinon irradiation formed products do not affect purified commercial enzymes activities, inhibitory effect of irradiated solutions on cell enzymes increased as a function of time exposure to UV light and resulted in significant reduction of AChE (up to 28-45%) and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (up to 35-40%) at the end of irradiation period. Moreover, photodegradation treatment strengthened prooxidative properties of diazinon as well as its potency to induce cytogenetic damage.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adult; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diazinon; Erythrocytes; Fibroblasts; Humans; In Situ Hybridization; Insecticides; Lipid Peroxidation; Lymphocytes; Male; Malondialdehyde; Micronucleus Tests; Oxidative Stress; Photochemistry; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances
PubMed: 19948211
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.11.022 -
Journal of Biochemical and Molecular... Jul 2022This study was intended to assess the possible protective effect of resveratrol (Res) against oxidative stress and glucose hemostasis disorder in rats exposed to...
This study was intended to assess the possible protective effect of resveratrol (Res) against oxidative stress and glucose hemostasis disorder in rats exposed to diazinon (DZN) for 4 weeks. Totally 25 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into five groups: Control (orally received corn oil), DZN group (orally received 70 mg/kg/day), and Res groups (received DZN 70 mg/kg/day plus Res doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg bodyweight/-day), respectively. DZN significantly inhibited serum acetylcholinesterase enzyme (Ach E), serum and liver catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities, also total antioxidant capacities. On the other hand, DZN increased serum and liver malondialdehyde. DZN significantly increased Forkhead box protein O1 (Foxo1) expression and decreased phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and sirtuin 1 (Sirt-1) expression. DZN impaired glucose hemostasis. Instead, Res treatment significantly reversed status of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes activities induced by DZN. Also, Res improved glucose hemostasis. Res increased PTEN and Sirt-1 expression and reduced Foxo1 expression. Res administration ameliorated liver histopathological changes induced by DZN. These data confirmed that DZN significantly enhances oxidative stress and impairs glucose hemostasis. While Res showed a protective effect against the toxicity induced by DZN in rats.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Antioxidants; Diazinon; Glucose; Hemostasis; Insecticides; Liver; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Resveratrol; Sirtuins
PubMed: 35403302
DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23063 -
Veterinary Clinical Pathology Dec 2023Cholinesterase is a biomarker for poisonings by anticholinesterase agents, but its reference values are scarce, and possible interaction with collars containing...
BACKGROUND
Cholinesterase is a biomarker for poisonings by anticholinesterase agents, but its reference values are scarce, and possible interaction with collars containing parasiticides has not been studied.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to evaluate the serum cholinesterase activity of healthy dogs without a history of contact with anticholinesterase agents and healthy animals exposed to commercial collars containing organophosphate.
METHODS
Ninety-nine dogs were used and included healthy animals without recent exposure to anticholinesterase agents and healthy animals previously exposed to diazinon collars. Serum quantification of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BuchE) through spectrophotometry was conducted on all samples. In experiment 1, BuchE activity was quantified at time 0 and 7 days after, a time when the samples were kept at -18°C. In experiment 2, sampling times were 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 days.
RESULTS
Time 0 values were 4622.38 ± 1311.53 U/L. After 7 days, a significant decay was observed, with a mean of 3934.45 ± 1430.45 U/L. Spearman's test was performed, finding a weak correlation between ALT, creatinine, total plasma proteins, age, weight, red blood cells, platelets, leukocytes, and BuchE activities. In experiment 2, the mean at time 0 was 4753 ± 454.8 U/L. With exposure to the collar, there was a decay of up to 93% after 14 days.
CONCLUSIONS
Normality values of serum BuchE in healthy dogs without a history of exposure to anticholinesterase agents were 4360.8-4883.96 U/L. Freezing serum caused a decrease in BuchE activity. Exposure to commercial collars containing diazinon also reduced BuchE activity without clinical signs, indicating that previously exposed animals should be evaluated carefully.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Diazinon; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Organophosphates
PubMed: 37914538
DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13298 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jun 2022Pesticides containing diazinon are frequently used in agriculture in the Vietnamese Mekong delta region leading to their potential residual occurrence in the...
Pesticides containing diazinon are frequently used in agriculture in the Vietnamese Mekong delta region leading to their potential residual occurrence in the environment. Under laboratory conditions, exposure to diazinon has been shown to result in adverse inhibition of cholinesterase enzyme (ChE) activity and subsequent death in several fish species. This study investigated a 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of diazinon concentrations from 0.08 to 1.25 mg/L on juvenile giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man, 1879) in tanks in the laboratory. Inhibition of ChE in the flesh and in the eyes of the tested shrimps after exposed to diazinon concentrations of 2.7, 27, 67.5 μg/L equivalent to 1%, 10%, 25% LC50-96 h was calculated. The results indicated that diazinon was highly toxic to giant freshwater prawn with a low LC50-96 h of 270 μg/L. The activity of ChE in the flesh was more sensitive to diazinon than that in the eyes. Furthermore, in the future, the activity of ChE in the flesh or in the eyes of shrimps has potential to be used as biomarker for rapid recognition of diazinon contamination in water.
Topics: Animals; Cholinesterases; Decapoda; Diazinon; Fresh Water; Humans; Organophosphates; Palaemonidae
PubMed: 35526457
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113578 -
Environmental Quality and Safety.... 1975
Review
Topics: Animals; Biodegradation, Environmental; Cockroaches; Diazinon; Drug Resistance; Drug Synergism; Guinea Pigs; Houseflies; In Vitro Techniques; Insecta; Insecticides; Liver; Mammals; Microsomes; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Rats; Sheep
PubMed: 773641
DOI: No ID Found -
Chemosphere Aug 2016Actinobacteria identified as Streptomyces spp. were evaluated for their ability to remove diazinon as the only carbon source from a liquid medium. Single cultures of...
Actinobacteria identified as Streptomyces spp. were evaluated for their ability to remove diazinon as the only carbon source from a liquid medium. Single cultures of Streptomyces strains were exposed to diazinon at a concentration of 50 mg L(-1). After 96 h incubation, six of the eight cultures grew and five strains showed an increase in their total protein concentrations and changes in their protein profile. Up to 32% of the diazinon was removed by the single Streptomyces cultures. A compatibility assay showed that the different Streptomyces species were not antagonistic. Twenty-six mixed cultures were then prepared. Diazinon removal was increased when mixed cultures were used, and maximum diazinon removal of 62% was observed when the Streptomyces spp. strains AC5, AC9, GA11 and ISP13 were mixed; this was defined as the selected mixed culture (SMC). Diazinon removal was positively influenced by the addition of glucose into the liquid medium. Our study showed a diazinon degradation rate of 0.025 h(-1), half-life of 28 h(-1) and 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (IMHP) production of 0.143 mg L h(-1). Rapid diazinon hydrolysis to IMHP was associated with a decrease in the pH of the medium as a consequence of microbial glucose metabolism and organic acid exudation. Moreover, the SMC of Streptomyces was able to remove IMHP. This work constitutes a new, if not the only, report on diazinon degradation by mixed cultures of Streptomyces spp. Given the high levels of diazinon removal, the SMC formed by four Streptomyces strains has the potential to be used to treat the diazinon present in environmental matrices.
Topics: Diazinon; Half-Life; Hydrolysis; Pyrimidines; Streptomyces
PubMed: 27176942
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.118 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Mar 2022In today's world, pesticides are commonly used to control pests and in advanced agriculture. As an organophosphorus insecticide (OPI), diazinon (DZN) is a commonly used...
In today's world, pesticides are commonly used to control pests and in advanced agriculture. As an organophosphorus insecticide (OPI), diazinon (DZN) is a commonly used substance. However, the widespread usage of DZN increases the probability of incidence of toxication. This toxication has been reported to be shaped not through cholinergic syndromes that are experienced as a result of acetylcholinesterase inhibition, which is the primary effect of these cases. It is rather shaped by the altering of the facilitation of oxidative stress and inflammatory response. In this study, the protective effect of administering erdosteine (ERDOS) subacute DZN exposure was investigated. A total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were separated into 4 groups (with 6 rats in each group), namely, the control, DZN (15 mg/kg/day), ERDOS (10 mg/kg/day), and DZN + ERDOS (15 mg/kg/day DZN + 10 mg/kg/day ERDOS) groups. These medications were given through oral gavage for 28 days. With the whole blood, plasma, and serum samples taken from the rats, oxidant-antioxidant parameters and cytokine levels were measured. The MDA and NOx levels and SOD and CAT enzyme activities of the DZN group were higher than those of the control group, while the GSH levels and TAC and GPx activities of the DZN group were lower than those of the control group (p < 0.05). It was also found that cytokine (IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α) levels in the DZN group were higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the ERDOS implementations were detected to ameliorate the harmful effects of DZN on the oxidant-antioxidant parameters and cytokine levels (p < 0.05). Conclusively, besides the known mucolytic efficacy of ERDOS, it may also be stated to display free radical scavenger, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory characteristics to inhibit some proinflammatory cytokines that are specifically involved in oxidative stress. Additionally, the ameliorating property of ERDOS can be benefited from in possible DZN-induced toxication cases.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Diazinon; Inflammation; Insecticides; Male; Organophosphorus Compounds; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thioglycolates; Thiophenes
PubMed: 34766221
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17398-2 -
Journal of Environmental Science and... 2022In this current article, a chemical sensor was synthesized PbS functionalized with gelatin quantum dots for toxic diazinon. The measure of toxic diazinon was performed...
In this current article, a chemical sensor was synthesized PbS functionalized with gelatin quantum dots for toxic diazinon. The measure of toxic diazinon was performed using concentration 0.5 µM, PbS quantum dot-gelatin nanocomposites sensor, pH 6, and time 50 s, wavelength 300 nm, in phosphate buffer solution. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limit linear range was obtained (0.01-20.0 µg L). The standard deviation of less than (1.0%), and detection limits (3S/m) of the method (0.01 µg L) and quantification (LOQ) of (0.099 µg L), for determination of toxic diazinon, was obtained. The observed outcomes confirmed the suitability recovery and a very low detection limit for measuring the toxic diazinon. The Chemical PbS Quantum Dot-Gelatin nanocomposites sensor as excellent sensor was applied to measure and analyze residue toxic diazinon in water samples.
Topics: Diazinon; Gelatin; Limit of Detection; Phosphates; Quantum Dots; Water
PubMed: 35899463
DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2103936 -
Drug and Chemical Toxicology Mar 2022Organophosphates can damage the brain in systemic intoxication. In this study, the effects of a minimum toxic dose (MTD) of diazinon (DZ) on amygdala afterdischarge...
Organophosphates can damage the brain in systemic intoxication. In this study, the effects of a minimum toxic dose (MTD) of diazinon (DZ) on amygdala afterdischarge threshold (ADT), kindling acquisition and kindled seizure parameters were evaluated. Intact male rats were stereotactically implanted with a tripolar and two monopolar electrodes in the amygdala and dura respectively. After recovery, animals received daily either, olive oil (control), 15 or 30 mg/kg (MTD) of DZ intraperitoneally, and ADT, afterdischarge duration (ADD) at each stage (S to S) of kindling and number of trials for kindling acquisition were determined daily. Also, the effect of DZ on stage 4 latency (SL), ADD, stage 5 duration (SD) and the activity of the red blood cholinesterase (ChE) were evaluated. The ADT was lower and the ADD was longer significantly in DZ treated group in comparison to control ( < 0.01) and the number of trials to reach each stage of kindling acquisition was reduced ( < 0.001). The total amount of ADDs during the kindling procedure increased significantly 5 days after DZ treatment. While the SL was reduced, the SD increased significantly after DZ treatment. The ChE activity was inhibited significantly after 20 min of DZ treatment and continued till 24 h ( < 0.01). Data indicate that even half of the MTD of DZ could increase the sensitivity and excitability of the CNS to the epileptic activity at least via reduction of stimulation threshold and AD prolongation. Furthermore, repeated exposure to the low concentrations of organophosphates may be pro-convulsant and should be restricted.
Topics: Amygdala; Animals; Convulsants; Diazinon; Kindling, Neurologic; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 32249606
DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1746801 -
Toxicology Letters Sep 1997The protective effect of the alpha2-agonist medetomidine against the organophosphorus insecticide diazinon-induced toxicosis was examined in male mice. Oral dosing of...
The protective effect of the alpha2-agonist medetomidine against the organophosphorus insecticide diazinon-induced toxicosis was examined in male mice. Oral dosing of diazinon at 75 and 100 mg/kg produced signs of toxicosis in mice characteristic of cholinergic over-stimulation, and the percentages of deaths were 90 and 100%, respectively. Subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of medetomidine at 0.05, 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, 15 min before diazinon (75 mg/kg, orally) significantly and dose-dependently decreased the incidence of toxic manifestations, delayed the onset of tremors and death, and increased the 24 h survival rates to 70, 80 and 100%, respectively. Similarly medetomidine pretreatments (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, s.c) significantly protected the mice from the toxicity of a high dose (100 mg/kg, orally) of diazinon, and increased the 24 h survival rates to 38 and 50%, respectively. The alpha2-antagonist atipamezole significantly abolished the protective effect of medetomidine. When atropine sulfate (6 mg/kg, s.c.) was combined with medetomidine (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.) the degree of protection against diazinon toxicosis was more than that produced by either drug alone. The data suggest that medetomidine protected mice against diazinon-induced toxicosis, and a combination of medetomidine and atropine produced an even greater degree of protection.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Animals; Atropine; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterase Reactivators; Diazinon; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Imidazoles; Insecticides; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Medetomidine; Mice; Nervous System Diseases; Parasympatholytics; Survival Rate
PubMed: 9381477
DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(97)00070-2