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International Journal of Legal Medicine 1997A case is presented involving an acute fatality resulting from self-administered dichlorophen, a chlorophenol fungicide. The compound was quantified using gas...
A case is presented involving an acute fatality resulting from self-administered dichlorophen, a chlorophenol fungicide. The compound was quantified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after extraction with methyl-tert-butyl ether, derivatization by methylation and separation on a HP5-MS capillary column. The blood concentration was 9.77 mg/l and other drugs, including ethanol, were not detected.
Topics: Dichlorophen; Female; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Middle Aged; Suicide
PubMed: 9168328
DOI: 10.1007/s004140050039 -
The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Sep 1982
Topics: Animals; Biotransformation; Dichlorophen; Enterohepatic Circulation; Female; Glucuronates; Rats; Sulfates
PubMed: 6127389
DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1982.tb04803.x -
The Veterinary Record Jul 1987
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dichlorophen; Male
PubMed: 3629882
DOI: 10.1136/vr.121.1.23 -
Environmental Research Jan 2024This study systematically investigated the variable main electrooxidation mechanism of chlorophene (CP) and dichlorophen (DCP) with the change of reaction conditions at...
This study systematically investigated the variable main electrooxidation mechanism of chlorophene (CP) and dichlorophen (DCP) with the change of reaction conditions at TiO anode operated in batch and reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) modes. Significant degradation of CP and DCP was observed, that is, CP exhibited greater removal efficiency in batch mode at 0.5-3.5 mA cm and REM operation (0.5 mA cm) with a permeate flow rate of 0.85 cm min under the same reaction conditions, while DCP exhibited a faster degradation rate with the increase of current density in REM operation. Density functional theory (DFT) simulation and electrochemical performance tests indicated that the electrooxidation efficiency of CP and DCP in batch mode was primarily affected by the mass transfer rates. And the removal efficiency when anodic potentials were less than 1.7 V vs SHE in REM operation was determined by the activation energy for direct electron transfer (DET) reaction, however, the adsorption function of CP and DCP on the TiO anode became a dominant factor in determining the degradation efficiency with the further increase of anodic potential due to the disappeared activation barrier. In addition, the degradation pathways of CP and DCP were proposed according to intermediate products identification and frontier electron densities (FEDs) calculation, the acute toxicity of CP and DCP were also effectively decreased during both batch and REM operations.
Topics: Dichlorophen; Adsorption; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 37951380
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117612 -
The Journal of Tropical Medicine and... Apr 1980Niclosamide and Dichlorophen have been tried in infection with F. buski in an endemic area of Bangladesh. Niclosamide is the commonly used agent for this condition, but...
Niclosamide and Dichlorophen have been tried in infection with F. buski in an endemic area of Bangladesh. Niclosamide is the commonly used agent for this condition, but was found to reduce the ova count by about 48.5% only and repeat treatment did not improve the result. Dichlorophen is advocated for tape worm, but was found to reduce the ova count by 83.3% and repeat treatment completely eradicated infection with F. buski.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Dichlorophen; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Niclosamide; Trematode Infections
PubMed: 7381983
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Feb 2011Within the context of environmentally friendly methods for the elimination of surface-water pollutants, the photodegradation of the phenolic pesticides bromoxynil (BXN)...
Photosensitized degradation in water of the phenolic pesticides bromoxynil and dichlorophen in the presence of riboflavin, as a model of their natural photodecomposition in the environment.
Within the context of environmentally friendly methods for the elimination of surface-water pollutants, the photodegradation of the phenolic pesticides bromoxynil (BXN) and dichlorophen (DCP) under simulated natural conditions has been studied. The work was done in the presence of the visible-light absorber photosensitizer riboflavin (Rf), usually present in trace quantities in natural waters. Under aerobic conditions, an efficient photooxidation of both pesticides was observed. The relatively intricate photochemical mechanism involves pesticide and oxygen consumption and, to a lesser extent, Rf degradation. The kinetic and mechanistic study supports that both H(2)O(2) and singlet molecular oxygen, O(2)((1)Δ(g)), are involved in the process. Kinetic data for the O(2)((1)Δ(g))-mediated oxidation indicate that BXN and DCP are photodegraded with this species faster than the parent compound phenol, very frequently employed as a model for aquatic contaminants, likely due to their lower pK(a) values. This observation allows the design of phenolic pesticides with different photodegradation rates under environmental conditions.
Topics: Dichlorophen; Kinetics; Nitriles; Oxygen; Pesticides; Phenols; Photochemistry; Spectrum Analysis
PubMed: 21130569
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.026 -
The Veterinary Record Sep 1967
Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Feces; Poultry Diseases; Taeniasis
PubMed: 6069239
DOI: 10.1136/vr.81.14.342 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Nov 2016As active agents in cleaning and disinfecting products, antimicrobials have been widely spread in the environment and have drawn extensive attention as potential threats...
As active agents in cleaning and disinfecting products, antimicrobials have been widely spread in the environment and have drawn extensive attention as potential threats to the ecological system and human health. In this study, the laccase-catalyzed removal of two emerging antimicrobials, chlorophene (CP) and dichlorophen (DCP), was investigated under simulated environmental conditions. Intrinsic reaction kinetics showed that the removal of CP and DCP followed second-order reaction kinetics, first-order with respect to both the enzyme and the substrate concentration. It was also found that fulvic acid could suppress the transformation of CP and DCP by reversing the oxidation reactions through its action as a scavenger of the free radical intermediates produced from reactions between laccase and the substrates. Several reaction products were identified by a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer, and detailed reaction pathways were proposed. For both CP and DCP, direct polymerization was the principal pathway, and the coupling patterns were further corroborated based on molecular modeling. The nucleophilic substitution of chlorine by the hydroxyl group was observed, and further oxidation products capable of coupling with each other were also found. Additionally, toxicity evaluation tests using Scenedesmus obliquus confirmed that the toxicity of CP and DCP was effectively eliminated during the reaction processes.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Catalysis; Dichlorophen; Kinetics; Laccase; Scenedesmus; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification
PubMed: 27262275
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.064 -
Water Research Mar 2014The production of dichlorophen (2,2'-methylenebis(4-chlorophenol), DCP) and its use as an anthelmintic and in pesticide products result in its direct release to the...
The production of dichlorophen (2,2'-methylenebis(4-chlorophenol), DCP) and its use as an anthelmintic and in pesticide products result in its direct release to the environment. To the purpose of modelling the possible photodegradation routes of DCP sorbed on sediments or suspended particles, the synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles modified with DCP (NP-DCP) is reported. The reactivity of NP-DCP with the excited states of riboflavin, a sensitizer usually present in natural waters, and with singlet oxygen were investigated. Comparison of the kinetic results obtained here to those previously reported for irradiated aqueous solutions of DCP allowed the discussion of the effect of adsorption of the pesticide on its photodegradation. We show with the aid of computer simulations that in natural waters the relevance of the different photodegradation routes dichlorophen is very much affected by attachment to sediments.
Topics: Computer Simulation; Deuterium Oxide; Dichlorophen; Kinetics; Light; Nanoparticles; Oxygen; Photolysis; Quantum Theory; Reactive Oxygen Species; Silicon Dioxide; Spectrum Analysis; Water
PubMed: 24374496
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.12.006 -
International Journal of Toxicology 2004Dichlorophene is a halogenated phenolic compound that functions as a bacteriocide and fungicide in cosmetics. Chlorophene is a halogenated phenolic compound that... (Review)
Review
Dichlorophene is a halogenated phenolic compound that functions as a bacteriocide and fungicide in cosmetics. Chlorophene is a halogenated phenolic compound that functions as a biocide and preservative in cosmetics. Dichlorophene was reported to be used in a total of five cosmetic formulations at concentrations of 0% to 1.0%, but Chlorophene was not reported to be used. Dichlorophene is prohibited for use in cosmetic ingredients in Japan. In Europe, the maximum authorized concentration allowed for Dichlorophene is 0.5% and for Chlorophene is 0.2%. The major impurity of Dichlorophene is the trimer 4-chloro-2,6-bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzyl)phenol. In rats, Dichlorophene sulfate, Dichlorophene monoglucuronide, and Dichlorophene diglucuronide were the major metabolites of Dichlorophene and were excreted, mainly in the urine. The glucuronic acid conjugate, the sulfate ester conjugate, and two minor metabolites of Chlorophene were the metabolites found in rat urine. Chlorophene was incompletely absorbed through the rat skin. These chemicals exhibited low toxicity in acute oral toxicity studies in several animal species. Some evidence of toxicity with both chemicals was found in short-term oral toxicity studies in mice and rats; nephropathy was the principal finding. Chronic toxicity data were not available for Dichlorophene. Rats and mice dosed with Chlorophene for 2 years had a dose-related and sex-related increase in the severity of nephropathy. In animal tests, Dichlorophene and Chlorophene were ocular irritants. No inhalation toxicity data were available for these ingredients. Dichlorophene up to 10% concentration resulted in no to minimal irritation when applied to the intact and abraded skin of rabbits. Chlorophene was severely irritating to rabbits in most dermal irritation studies. Studies on guinea pigs gave positive and negative results in sensitization tests of Dichlorophene. A dose-related contact hypersensitivity response to Chlorophene was reported in mice. No reproductive or developmental toxicity data were available for Dichlorophene, but there was some evidence of non-dose-dependent developmental toxicity with Chlorophene in rabbits. Dichlorophene was positive in the Ames mutagenicity assay, but not in mammalian or fruit fly test systems. Chlorophene was mutagenic in four in vitro mammalian test systems. Carcinogenicity studies for Dichlorophene were not found. Neoplasms were not observed in rats treated with Chlorophene for 2 years; however a significant incidence of neoplasms was observed in mice so treated. A 1-year National Toxicology Program (NTP) study concluded that Chlorophene was a cutaneous irritant and a weak skin tumor promoter but had no activity as an initiator or complete carcinogen. Dichlorophene was not a sensitizer in clinical dermal sensitization tests. Some reactions to Chlorophene occurred in some, but not all, clinical dermal sensitization tests. Positive photopatch tests to Dichlorophene were found in 13/469 patients. Although these ingredients were ocular irritants at high concentrations, the risk at concentrations which are actually used in cosmetic formulations was uncertain. Overall, the available data were insufficient to support safety of Dichlorophene or Chlorophene. Additional data needed include (1) method of manufacture and impurities data (especially the trimer in Dichlorophene); (2) photosensitization and photocarcinogenicity data for Dichlorophene; (3) dermal reproductive and developmental toxicity data for Dichlorophene (as a function of dose); and (4) ocular irritation at concentration of use, if available.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Inhalation; Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Consumer Product Safety; Cosmetics; Dichlorophen; Humans; Molecular Structure; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; Risk Assessment; Toxicity Tests
PubMed: 15162836
DOI: 10.1080/10915810490274289