-
Journal of Environmental Science and... 2011Ozonation combined with UV irradiation (UV/O(3)) is an advanced oxidation technique that is very promising for the destruction of organic compounds in aqueous solution....
Ozonation combined with UV irradiation (UV/O(3)) is an advanced oxidation technique that is very promising for the destruction of organic compounds in aqueous solution. In this study, chlorophene was chosen as a model substrate to investigate the effects of pH, initial substrate concentration, ozone dose, and UV light intensity in degradation experiments. The pseudo-first-order rate constant for total organic carbon (TOC) removal was 2.4 × 10(-2), 9.8 × 10(-4), and 6.4 × 10(-2) min(-1) for O(3), UV, and UV/O(3) treatment, respectively. Clearly, UV-enhanced ozonation leads to a synergetic increase in the overall degradation efficiency. Comparative experiments were performed to investigate the effect of the matrix (distilled water or sewage) on chlorophene removal. The organic compounds in sewage retarded the rate of chlorophene removal by 38%, probably by competitively reacting with the oxidizing agent and screening light. The compound 2-benzoylbenzo-1,4-quinone, benzo-1,4-quinone, hydroquinone and maleic acid were identified as primary intermediates by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The concentrations of acetic, formic and oxalic anions were detected by ion chromatography. A possible degradation pathway is proposed on the basis of the reaction products identified.
Topics: Dichlorophen; Ozone; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 21104490
DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.526065 -
International Endodontic Journal Mar 1996The healing of the periradicular tissues was evaluated when the polyvinyl resin Diaket with and without tricalcium phosphate was used as surgical root-end filling... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The healing of the periradicular tissues was evaluated when the polyvinyl resin Diaket with and without tricalcium phosphate was used as surgical root-end filling material. Non-surgical root canal treatment was performed on 56 mandibular premolar roots in mongrel dogs. Following root-end resection, root-end cavity preparations were filled with Diaket, the comparative material, or Diaket in combination with tricalcium phosphate, the experimental material. Postsurgically, healing of the tissues adjacent to the filling materials and in the surrounding surgical site were evaluated at 30 and 60 days. There was virtually no statistically significant difference between the experimental and comparative group at or within the 30- or 60-day period with regard to inflammation, connective tissue formation, root-end encapsulation, cementum formation, or bone apposition. Findings suggest that cementogenesis occurred over both materials. The overall healing of the periradicular tissues was favourable.
Topics: Animals; Apicoectomy; Bismuth; Calcium Phosphates; Chi-Square Distribution; Dogs; Drug Combinations; Periapical Tissue; Polyvinyls; Retrograde Obturation; Root Canal Filling Materials; Wound Healing; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 9206429
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.1996.tb01166.x -
Journal of Investigational Allergology... 2008
Topics: Adult; Dichlorophen; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Patch Tests; Time Factors
PubMed: 18714544
DOI: No ID Found -
International Endodontic Journal Jan 1996An in vitro study of a possible correlation between penetration of dentinal tubules by four root canal sealers and microleakage of external fluids into the canal was... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
An in vitro study of a possible correlation between penetration of dentinal tubules by four root canal sealers and microleakage of external fluids into the canal was done using a dye leakage method and scanning electron microscopy. The root canals of 45 teeth were instrumented and the smear layer removed prior to obturation of root canals with gutta-percha and one of four sealers: Diaket, Endomethasone, CRCS or Ketac-Endo. The extent of leakage was scored after immersion in India ink for 72 h. The same specimens were also used for scanning electron microscopic evaluation. There was a statistical difference in leakage patterns between the groups (P < 0.05). Diaket had lower microleakage scores than the other sealers (P < 0.05). When the scores for penetration of sealers into the tubules were analysed, Ketac-Endo demonstrated the least penetration (P < 0.01). There appeared to be a converse relation between tubular penetration and dye leakage, but the correlation was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).
Topics: Administration, Topical; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Bismuth; Calcium Hydroxide; Dental Leakage; Dentin; Dentin Permeability; Dexamethasone; Drug Combinations; Formaldehyde; Glass Ionomer Cements; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Polyvinyls; Root Canal Filling Materials; Statistics, Nonparametric; Thymol; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 9206408
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.1996.tb01355.x -
British Journal of Pharmacology Apr 2016High-throughput screening of compound libraries using genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors has identified several second-generation. low MW inhibitors of the...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
High-throughput screening of compound libraries using genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors has identified several second-generation. low MW inhibitors of the calcium-activated chloride channel anoctamin 1 (CaCC/Ano1). Here we have (i) examined the effects of these Ano1 inhibitors on gastric and intestinal pacemaker activity; (ii) compared the effects of these inhibitors with those of the more classical CaCC inhibitor, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylalanine) benzoate (NPPB); (ii) examined the mode of action of these compounds on the waveform of pacemaker activity; and (iii) compared differences in the sensitivity between gastric and intestinal pacemaker activity to the Ano1 inhibitors.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Using intracellular microelectrode recordings of gastric and intestinal muscle preparations from C57BL/6 mice, the dose-dependent effects of Ano1 inhibitors were examined on spontaneous electrical slow waves.
KEY RESULTS
The efficacy of second-generation Ano1 inhibitors on gastric and intestinal pacemaker activity differed significantly. Antral slow waves were more sensitive to these inhibitors than intestinal slow waves. CaCCinh -A01 and benzbromarone were the most potent at inhibiting slow waves in both muscle preparations and more potent than NPPB. Dichlorophene and hexachlorophene were equally potent at inhibiting slow waves. Surprisingly, slow waves were relatively insensitive to T16Ainh -A01 in both preparations.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
We have identified several second-generation Ano1 inhibitors, blocking gastric and intestinal pacemaker activity. Different sensitivities to Ano1 inhibitors between stomach and intestine suggest the possibility of different splice variants in these two organs or the involvement of other conductances in the generation and propagation of pacemaker activity in these tissues.
Topics: Animals; Anoctamin-1; Benzbromarone; Chloride Channels; Dichlorophen; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gastrointestinal Tract; Hexachlorophene; High-Throughput Screening Assays; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thiophenes
PubMed: 26774021
DOI: 10.1111/bph.13431 -
International Endodontic Journal Oct 2003To compare the weight loss of eight different root-canal sealers in water and in artificial saliva with different pH values. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
AIM
To compare the weight loss of eight different root-canal sealers in water and in artificial saliva with different pH values.
METHODOLOGY
For standardized samples (n = 12 per group), ring moulds were filled with epoxy resin (AH 26, AH Plus)-, silicone (RSA RoekoSeal)-, calcium hydroxide (Apexit, Sealapex)-, zinc oxide-eugenol (Aptal-Harz)-, glass-ionomer (Ketac Endo)- and polyketone (Diaket)-based sealers. These samples were immersed in double-distilled water or artificial saliva with different pH values (7.0, 5.7 and 4.5) for 30 s, 1 min, 2 min, 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 1 h, 2 h, 10 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 14 days and 28 days. Mean loss of weight was determined and analysed statistically using a one-way anova and Student-Newman-Keuls test for all pairwise comparisons.
RESULTS
Most sealers were of low solubility, although Sealapex, Aptal-Harz and Ketac Endo showed a marked weight loss in all liquids. Even after 28 days of storage in water, AH 26, AH Plus, RSA RoekoSeal, and Diaket showed less than 3% weight loss. At exposure times greater than 14 days, Sealapex showed the significantly greatest weight loss of all sealers tested (P < 0.05). Aptal-Harz and Ketac Endo were significantly more soluble in saliva (pH 4.5) than in water (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Under the conditions of the present study, AH Plus showed the least weight loss of all sealers tested, independent of the solubility medium used. Sealapex, Aptal-Harz and Ketac Endo had a marked weight loss in all liquids.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Bismuth; Calcium Hydroxide; Dental Cements; Drug Combinations; Epoxy Resins; Glass Ionomer Cements; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Matched-Pair Analysis; Materials Testing; Polyvinyls; Root Canal Filling Materials; Salicylates; Saliva, Artificial; Silver; Solubility; Time Factors; Titanium; Water; Zinc Oxide; Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement
PubMed: 14511222
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2591.2003.00705.x -
Environmental Science & Technology Dec 2004Conjugates of estrogenic chemicals, endogenous as well as xenobiotic, are mainly excreted via bile into the intestine. Therefore, measurement of estrogenic activity in...
Conjugates of estrogenic chemicals, endogenous as well as xenobiotic, are mainly excreted via bile into the intestine. Therefore, measurement of estrogenic activity in bile yields useful information about an organism's internal exposure to (xeno-)estrogens. Although previous studies in The Netherlands have reported estrogenic activity in male fish bile, the contribution of natural hormones and xenobiotic substances to this activity is unknown. To identify compounds responsible for estrogenic activity in fish bile, we developed a bioassay-directed fractionation method for estrogenic chemicals. In this approach, the in vitro reporter gene assay ER-CALUX (Estrogen Responsive Chemical Activated Luciferase Gene Expression) was used to assess estrogenic activity in deconjugated bile samples and to direct RP-HPLC fractionation and chemical analysis (by GC-MS) of estrogenic compounds. The method was applied to bile from male breams (Abramis brama) collected at three locations in The Netherlands. At one of these locations, the River Dommel, extremely high levels of plasma vitellogenin and a high incidence of intersex gonads in these male breams have previously been observed, indicating the exposure to estrogens. In this study, the natural hormones 17beta-estradiol, estrone, and estriol accounted for the majority of estrogenic activity in male bream bile. At the River Dommel, the synthetic contraceptive pill component ethynylestradiol was found in effective concentrations as well. The detected natural and synthetic hormones may be responsible forthe estrogenic effects observed in wild bream from this location. Furthermore, a large number of xenobiotic chemicals was detected at relatively high levels in bile, including triclosan, chloroxylenol, and clorophene. Although chloroxylenol was shown for the first time to be weakly estrogenic, these compounds did not contribute significantly to the estrogenic activity observed.
Topics: Animals; Bile; Biological Assay; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dichlorophen; Estrogens; Ethinyl Estradiol; Fishes; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Genes, Reporter; Male; Netherlands; Rivers; Triclosan; Xenobiotics; Xylenes
PubMed: 15597899
DOI: 10.1021/es049750p -
Australian Endodontic Journal : the... Apr 2007The aim of this study was to compare the apical sealing ability of three different obturation techniques using an electrochemical evaluation and evaluating dye... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The aim of this study was to compare the apical sealing ability of three different obturation techniques using an electrochemical evaluation and evaluating dye penetration. One hundred and thirty-two maxillary anterior teeth were randomly divided into six groups. There were 20 teeth in each group. The teeth were obturated as follows: Groups 1 and 4 with Thermafil, Groups 2 and 5 with System B, and Groups 3 and 6 with cold lateral condensation (CLC). The apical leakage in these groups was evaluated using an electrochemical method for Groups 1, 2, 3 and a dye penetration method for Groups 4, 5 and 6. In both methods, the lowest mean leakage values were observed for Thermafil and the highest were observed for the CLC groups. The difference between Thermafil and CLC was statistically significant (P < 0.05). In both groups, System B fillings showed moderate leakage and the difference was not significant with Thermafil and CLC groups.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Bismuth; Coloring Agents; Dental Leakage; Drug Combinations; Electric Conductivity; Gutta-Percha; Humans; Polyvinyls; Root Canal Filling Materials; Root Canal Obturation; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 17461836
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4477.2007.00050.x -
Drug and Chemical Toxicology 1991o-Benzyl-p-chlorophenol was evaluated for its potential as a sensitizing agent for allergic contact hypersensitivity in mice. Female B6C3F1 mice were sensitized with...
o-Benzyl-p-chlorophenol was evaluated for its potential as a sensitizing agent for allergic contact hypersensitivity in mice. Female B6C3F1 mice were sensitized with 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0% o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol and challenged with 20.0% o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol. Doses of o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol were selected from assays for primary irritancy. Mice received 20 microliters by direct dermal application, for 5 days, to sites prepared by shaving, dermabrading and, in some mice, with intra dermal injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. The rest period was 7 days. Measurement of the contact hypersensitivity response in mice was by radioisotopic assay two days after challenge and mouse ear swelling test one and two days after challenge. Mice demonstrated statistically significant dose-dependent contact hypersensitivity response to o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol with or without adjuvant pretreatment.
Topics: Animals; Dermatitis, Contact; Dichlorophen; Disinfectants; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains
PubMed: 1935704
DOI: 10.3109/01480549109002186 -
International Endodontic Journal Sep 1993The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of smear layer on penetration of four root sealers into dentinal tubules. Sixty-four, recently extracted, human... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of smear layer on penetration of four root sealers into dentinal tubules. Sixty-four, recently extracted, human maxillary and mandibular incisors were used. Following removal of the crowns, the pulps were extirpated and the root canals instrumented. The teeth were then divided into two groups. The teeth in the control group were irrigated with saline solution and the experimental group treated with EDTA and NaOCl. Each main group was then divided into four sub-groups and the root canals filled with Diaket, N2 Universal, SPAD and Forfenan as recommended by the manufacturers. The teeth were split longitudinally and examined using scanning electron microscopy. A quantitative assessment was made of sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules in the coronal, middle and apical parts of each root canal. It was observed that the smear layer obstructed the penetration of the tubules by the sealers. However, in the experimental group, the penetration into dentinal tubules was better with Diaket, N2 and SPAD, than with Forfenan (P < 0.01). It was concluded that this penetration could be affected by physical and chemical properties of root canal filling materials.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Bismuth; Dentin; Dentin Permeability; Drug Combinations; Eugenol; Formaldehyde; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Polymers; Polyvinyls; Resorcinols; Root Canal Filling Materials; Smear Layer; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 8300262
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.1993.tb00575.x