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The American Journal of Clinical... Dec 2017During pregnancy, iron needs to increase substantially to support fetoplacental development and maternal adaptation to pregnancy. To meet these iron requirements, both... (Review)
Review
During pregnancy, iron needs to increase substantially to support fetoplacental development and maternal adaptation to pregnancy. To meet these iron requirements, both dietary iron absorption and the mobilization of iron from stores increase, a mechanism that is in large part dependent on the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. In healthy human pregnancies, maternal hepcidin concentrations are suppressed in the second and third trimesters, thereby facilitating an increased supply of iron into the circulation. The mechanism of maternal hepcidin suppression in pregnancy is unknown, but hepcidin regulation by the known stimuli (i.e., iron, erythropoietic activity, and inflammation) appears to be preserved during pregnancy. Inappropriately increased maternal hepcidin during pregnancy can compromise the iron availability for placental transfer and impair the efficacy of iron supplementation. The role of fetal hepcidin in the regulation of placental iron transfer still remains to be characterized. This review summarizes the current understanding and addresses the gaps in knowledge about gestational changes in hematologic and iron variables and regulatory aspects of maternal, fetal, and placental iron homeostasis.
Topics: Animals; Dietary Supplements; Female; Fetus; Hepcidins; Homeostasis; Humans; Iron, Dietary; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Models, Animal; Nutritional Requirements; Placenta; Pregnancy
PubMed: 29070542
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.155812 -
Blood Mar 2021There is a Commentary on this article in this issue.
There is a Commentary on this article in this issue.
Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; Animals; Diet Therapy; Erythrocyte Count; Hematocrit; Humans; Iron, Dietary; Mice; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 33512468
DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006919 -
Metallomics : Integrated Biometal... Oct 2020Iron plays an essential role in preventing iron deficiency anemia and ensuring the healthy growth of animals. The special physiological condition of piglets is the main... (Review)
Review
Iron plays an essential role in preventing iron deficiency anemia and ensuring the healthy growth of animals. The special physiological condition of piglets is the main cause of iron deficiency. Iron metabolism in the intestine is the basis for understanding the effects of iron on the health of piglets. In order to scientifically evaluate dietary iron supplementation doses, it is necessary to recognize the effects of iron deficiency and iron overload on piglet intestinal health. Besides, iron as a cofactor is essential for the growth of microorganisms, and microorganisms compete with the host to absorb iron. Under the stress of iron deficiency and iron overload, various control schemes (such as precise nutrition, element balance, elimination of oxidation, etc.) are effective measures to eliminate adverse effects. In this review, we comprehensively review recent findings on the effects of iron deficiency and iron overload on intestinal health. This review will provide a rational design strategy to achieve a reasonable iron supplement, which will guide the use of iron in animal husbandry.
Topics: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Animals; Homeostasis; Intestinal Mucosa; Iron; Iron Overload; Iron, Dietary; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 32852491
DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00149j -
Archives de Pediatrie : Organe Officiel... May 2017Iron deficiency is the main nutritional disease worldwide. The multidisciplinary working group of the French Pediatric Society on iron assessed the following... (Review)
Review
Iron deficiency is the main nutritional disease worldwide. The multidisciplinary working group of the French Pediatric Society on iron assessed the following recommendations. Since iron is variably absorbed depending on foods, the group defined absorbed iron requirements instead of dietary iron requirements. Iron-rich foods should be introduced at 4-months of age in some breast-fed infants. Between 7 and 11 month-old, formula-fed infants should drink at least 700ml per day of follow-on formula and partially or totally breast-fed infants should receive oral iron supplementation. Between 1 and 6 year-old, children should drink at least 300ml per day of growing-up milk until they become able to consume 100 to 150 grams per day of meat products. From 7 year-old, consumption of 2 portions per day of meat products is necessary in order to achieve daily iron requirements. Oral iron therapy from either increased iron-rich foods consumption or iron salts preparations is indicated when absorbed iron requirements are not achieved or when ferritin concentration is lower than age-specific limit values.
Topics: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Intestinal Absorption; Iron Deficiencies; Iron, Dietary; Nutritional Requirements
PubMed: 28622779
DOI: 10.1016/S0929-693X(17)24006-8 -
Cell Metabolism Mar 2013Iron overload is a risk factor for diabetes. The link between iron and diabetes was first recognized in pathologic conditions-hereditary hemochromatosis and... (Review)
Review
Iron overload is a risk factor for diabetes. The link between iron and diabetes was first recognized in pathologic conditions-hereditary hemochromatosis and thalassemia-but high levels of dietary iron also impart diabetes risk. Iron plays a direct and causal role in diabetes pathogenesis mediated both by β cell failure and insulin resistance. Iron also regulates metabolism in most tissues involved in fuel homeostasis, with the adipocyte in particular serving an iron-sensing role. The underlying molecular mechanisms mediating these effects are numerous and incompletely understood but include oxidant stress and modulation of adipokines and intracellular signal transduction pathways.
Topics: Adiponectin; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose; Hemochromatosis; Homeostasis; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Iron Overload; Iron, Dietary; Lipid Metabolism; Models, Biological
PubMed: 23473030
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.02.007 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Jul 2008
Topics: Blood Pressure; Humans; Hypertension; Iron, Dietary; Meat Products
PubMed: 18632705
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.a547 -
Transfusion Mar 2014The aim was to assess iron status and dietary iron intake in a sample of premenopausal female regular and new blood donors.
BACKGROUND
The aim was to assess iron status and dietary iron intake in a sample of premenopausal female regular and new blood donors.
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS
Premenopausal women blood donors were invited to participate. Blood samples were analyzed for serum ferritin and hemoglobin. An iron checklist assessed dietary iron intake. Donors were classified as regular donors or new donors.
RESULTS
Twenty-one new donors (mean [SD] age, 28.6 [6.0] years; body mass index [BMI], 25.6 [4.5] kg/m(2) ) and 172 regular donors (mean age, 29.4 [5.5] years; BMI, 24.7 [3.8] kg/m(2) ) participated. Fifty percent of regular donors and 24% of new donors had depleted iron stores (serum ferritin <15 μg/L; difference p = 0.036). Dietary iron intake was higher in regular donors (mean [SE], 12.6 [0.7] mg/day) compared to new donors (9.9 [0.4] mg/day; p = 0.006). Eighty-five percent of regular donors and 79% of new donors met the estimated average requirement for iron.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the fact that most of these donors had an adequate dietary iron intake, more than half of the blood donors had depleted iron stores. Increasing dietary iron intake through supplements and/or dietary means is expected to be necessary to maintain adequate iron status in this group.
Topics: Adult; Blood Donors; Female; Humans; Iron; Iron, Dietary; Young Adult
PubMed: 23876010
DOI: 10.1111/trf.12347 -
The Journal of Nutrition Aug 2016Understanding the influence of dietary iron deficiency and dietary iron oversupplementation on intestinal health is important for both animal production and human health.
BACKGROUND
Understanding the influence of dietary iron deficiency and dietary iron oversupplementation on intestinal health is important for both animal production and human health.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary iron concentration influences intestinal physiology, morphology, and inflammation in the porcine duodenum.
METHODS
Twenty-four male pigs (21 d old) were fed diets containing either 20 mg Fe/kg [low dietary iron (L-Fe)], 120 mg Fe/kg [adequate dietary iron (A-Fe); control], or 520 mg Fe/kg [high dietary iron (H-Fe)] by FeSO4 supplement (dry matter basis). After 32-36 d, the duodenum was harvested from pigs and mounted in Ussing chambers for the measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), short-circuit current, and (3)H-mannitol permeability. Intestinal morphology and inflammation were assessed by histologic examination, and proinflammatory gene expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS
Compared with A-Fe-fed pigs, pigs fed L-Fe diets exhibited reduced TER (by 30%; P < 0.05). Compared with that of A-Fe-fed controls, the paracellular flux of (3)H-mannitol across the duodenal mucosa was higher (P < 0.05) in L-Fe-fed (>100%) and H-Fe-fed (∼4-fold) pigs; the L-Fe-fed and H-Fe-fed groups did not differ significantly from one another. Compared with the L-Fe-fed pigs, the A-Fe-fed and H-Fe-fed pigs had malondialdehyde concentrations 1.4- and 2.5-fold higher in the duodenum and 4.4- and 6.6-fold higher in the liver, respectively (P < 0.05). Neutrophil counts were higher in both the L-Fe-fed (by 3-fold) and H-Fe-fed (by 3.3-fold) groups than in the A-Fe-fed group; the L-Fe-fed and H-Fe-fed groups did not significantly differ from one another. Duodenal mucosal tumor necrosis factor α (TNFA), interleukin (IL) 1β, and IL6 relative gene expression was upregulated by 36%, 28%, and 45%, respectively, in H-Fe pigs (P < 0.05), but not in L-Fe pigs, compared with A-Fe pigs.
CONCLUSION
These data suggest that adequate but not oversupplementation of dietary iron in pigs is required to maintain intestinal barrier health and function.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Duodenum; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-5; Intestinal Mucosa; Ions; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Iron, Dietary; Liver; Male; Malondialdehyde; Neutrophils; Nutritional Status; Overnutrition; Permeability; Swine; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 27358414
DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.231621 -
Chronic dietary iron overload affects hepatic iron metabolism and cognitive behavior in Wistar rats.Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine... Jul 2024Iron accumulation in organs affects iron metabolism, leading to deleterious effects on the body. Previously, it was studied that high dietary iron in various forms and...
BACKGROUND
Iron accumulation in organs affects iron metabolism, leading to deleterious effects on the body. Previously, it was studied that high dietary iron in various forms and concentrations influences iron metabolism, resulting in iron accumulation in the liver and spleen and cognitive impairment. However, the actual mechanism and impact of long-term exposure to high dietary iron remain unknown. As a result, we postulated that iron overload caused by chronic exposure to excessive dietary iron supplementation would play a role in iron dyshomeostasis and inflammation in the liver and brain of Wistar rats.
METHODS
Animals were segregated into control, low iron (FAC-Ferric Ammonium Citrate 5000 ppm), and high iron dose group (FAC 20,000 ppm). The outcome of dietary iron overload on Wistar rats was evaluated in terms of body weight, biochemical markers, histological examination of liver and brain tissue, and cognitive-behavioral studies. Also, gene expression of rat brain tissue involving iron transporters Dmt1, TfR1, iron storage protein Fpn1, inflammatory markers Nf-kB, Tnf-α, Il-6, and hepcidin was performed.
RESULTS
Our data indicate that excess iron supplementation for 30 weeks leads to decreased body weight, increased serum iron levels, and decreased RBC levels in iron fed Wistar rats. Morris water maze (MWM) studies after 30 weeks showed increased escape latency in the high iron dose group compared with the control group. Histological studies of the high iron dose group showed an iron accumulation in the liver and brain loss of cellular architecture, and cellular degeneration was observed. Excess iron treatment showed upregulation of the Dmt1 gene in iron metabolism and a remarkable increase in the Nf-kB gene in rat brain tissue.
CONCLUSION
The results show chronic excess iron supplementation leads to iron accumulation in the liver, leading to inflammation in Wistar rats.
Topics: Animals; Rats, Wistar; Liver; Rats; Iron Overload; Iron; Male; Cognition; Brain; Iron, Dietary
PubMed: 38492476
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127422 -
The Associations of Dietary Iron, Zinc and Magnesium with Metabolic Syndrome in China's Mega Cities.Nutrients Feb 2020Iron, zinc and magnesium perform differently in body metabolism but exist in similar food. This study was to evaluate the associations of dietary iron, zinc and...
BACKGROUND
Iron, zinc and magnesium perform differently in body metabolism but exist in similar food. This study was to evaluate the associations of dietary iron, zinc and magnesium with metabolic syndrome (MetS).
METHODS
A sample of a total of 5323 participants from four of China's mega cities was included in the current study. Both a 3-day 24-h dietary recall and household condiment weighing were applied to assess dietary intake, respectively. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations of dietary iron, zinc and magnesium with MetS.
RESULTS
After adjusting for age, sex, region, years of education, physical activity level, intended physical exercises, smoking status, alcohol use, daily energy intake and mutual adjustment for dietary iron, zinc and magnesium, significant positive trends were found across quartiles of total dietary iron and the risk of MetS, as well as for magnesium and MetS ( value for trends = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively); dietary zinc was inversely associated with MetS risk ( value for trend < 0.01). Magnesium from grains and potato was positively associated with MetS ( value for trend < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
Dietary iron and magnesium were positively associated with the risk of MetS, while zinc was inversely associated with the risk of MetS, in China's mega cities. The positive association of magnesium with MetS could be a result confounding by other factors correlated with magnesium in grains and potato, which warrants further study.
Topics: China; Cities; Female; Humans; Iron, Dietary; Magnesium; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Sex Characteristics; Zinc
PubMed: 32121232
DOI: 10.3390/nu12030659