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Food & Function Nov 2021Cholesterol gallstone disease is a common global condition. This study investigated the role of plant sterols (PS) in the prevention of gallstone formation and the...
Cholesterol gallstone disease is a common global condition. This study investigated the role of plant sterols (PS) in the prevention of gallstone formation and the underlying mechanisms. Adult male mice were fed a lithogenic diet (LD) alone or supplemented with PS (LD-ps), phospholipids (LD-pl) or both PS and phospholipids (LD-ps/pl) for 8 weeks. Incidences of gallstone formation were compared among the groups. Lipids in the bile, liver and serum were analyzed. The expression of genes involved in cholesterol absorption, transport and metabolism in the liver and small intestine was determined. The incidences of gallstone formation were 100% (10/10), 20% (2/10), 100% (10/10) and 40% (4/10) in the LD, LD-ps, LD-pl and LD-ps/pl groups, respectively. Serum cholesterol and intestinal cholesterol absorption were decreased in PS-supplemented mice. The expression of genes related to cholesterol transport and metabolism in the liver was down-regulated by dietary PS. PS supplementation decreased Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 expression in the small intestine and reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption. Our results demonstrated that PS could inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption and thus prevent cholesterol gallstone formation.
Topics: Animals; Cholesterol; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Gallstones; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Phytosterols
PubMed: 34787152
DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02695j -
The Journal of Nutrition Sep 2000Phytosterols (PS) or plant sterols are structurally similar to cholesterol. The most common PS are beta-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. Epidemiologic and... (Review)
Review
Phytosterols (PS) or plant sterols are structurally similar to cholesterol. The most common PS are beta-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. Epidemiologic and experimental studies suggest that dietary PS may offer protection from the most common cancers in Western societies, such as colon, breast and prostate cancer. This review summarizes the findings of these studies and the possible mechanisms by which PS offer this protection. These include the effect of PS on membrane structure and function of tumor and host tissue, signal transduction pathways that regulate tumor growth and apoptosis, immune function of the host and cholesterol metabolism by the host. In addition, suggestions for future studies to fill the gaps in our knowledge have been given.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Diet; Humans; Neoplasms, Experimental; Phytosterols; Signal Transduction; Tumor Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 10958802
DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.9.2127 -
Journal of AOAC International 2015Despite the abundance of clinical trial data demonstrating the cholesterol-lowering action of plant sterol supplementation, substantial variability in efficacy exists in... (Review)
Review
Despite the abundance of clinical trial data demonstrating the cholesterol-lowering action of plant sterol supplementation, substantial variability in efficacy exists in responsiveness across individuals. The goal of this review is to examine factors responsible for this heterogeneity in responsiveness of blood cholesterol levels to dietary plant sterols. Although initially thought to be due to random noise in the data, demonstrated consistency in degree of responsiveness in the context of controlled feeding designs from person to person suggests that other systematic drivers are responsible. Genetic explanations explaining this phenomenon appear to be gaining momentum. Particularly, single nucleotide polymorphisms within the genes coding for CYP7A1 and ApoE, as well as possibly other genes including ABCG5 and ABCG8, exist as predictors of whether LDL-C levels will decrease or even increase subsequent to plant sterol administration. In summary, nutrigenetic differences across genes associated with cholesterol trafficking pathways may be important in predicting how well any given individual will respond to dietary interventions. It is anticipated that eventually genetic tests will be developed that can guide health care professionals to optimize dietary strategies for health optimization.
Topics: Anticholesteremic Agents; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Drug Resistance; Genotype; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Phytosterols; Plants
PubMed: 25942064
DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.SGEJones -
Journal of Dairy Science Jul 2019The fortification of milk with phytosterols is an increasingly common practice to enhance the sterol profile and offer consumers potential health benefits. This study...
The fortification of milk with phytosterols is an increasingly common practice to enhance the sterol profile and offer consumers potential health benefits. This study investigated whether cattle feed can influence the profile of phytosterols and cholesterol in the milk produced as an alternative to direct fortification of milk. Five experiments were performed using feeds commonly used by Australian dairy farmers and selected formulated rumen-protected feeds. Statistical significances were observed for some individual plant sterols and cholesterol in milk under these differing feeding regimens compared with the respective controls. In the case of the phytosterols, where the daily recommended consumption is typically 2 g per day, the total phytosterols were <0.12 mg/100 mL of milk. An experiment using a rumen-protected feed with high phytosterol levels suggested a decreased transfer of cholesterol to the milk by as much as 20%, although further work is required to confirm these preliminary results. Overall, the study suggests that different feeding practices have minimal effect on the resulting sterol profile of the milk.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Biofortification; Cattle; Cholesterol; Dairying; Diet; Female; Milk; Phytosterols
PubMed: 31030910
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15067 -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Dec 2010Oxysterols (oxidized derivatives of cholesterol and phytosterols) can be generated in the human organism through different oxidation processes, some requiring enzymes.... (Review)
Review
Oxysterols (oxidized derivatives of cholesterol and phytosterols) can be generated in the human organism through different oxidation processes, some requiring enzymes. Furthermore, oxysterols are also present in food due to lipid oxidation reactions caused by heating treatments, contact with oxygen, exposure to sunlight, etc., and they could be absorbed from the diet, at different rates depending on their side chain length. In the organism, oxysterols can follow different routes: secreted into the intestinal lumen, esterified and distributed by lipoproteins to different tissues or degraded, mainly in the liver. Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) have shown cytotoxicity, apoptotic and pro-inflammatory effects and they have also been linked with chronic diseases including atherosclerotic and neurodegenerative processess. In the case of phytosterol oxidation products (POPs), more research is needed on toxic effects. Nevertheless, current knowledge suggests they may also cause cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects, although at higher concentrations than COPs. Recently, new beneficial biological activities of oxysterols are being investigated. Whereas COPs are associated with cholesterol homeostasis mediated by different mechanisms, the implication of POPs is not clear yet. Available literature on sources of oxysterols in the organism, metabolism, toxicity and potential beneficial effects of these compounds are reviewed in this paper.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol; Diet; Food Analysis; Humans; Oxidation-Reduction; Phytosterols; Sterols
PubMed: 20870006
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.09.023 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Sep 2020The effect of marine-derived sea cucumber sterol (SS) with a special sulfate group on lipid accumulation remains unknown, although phytosterol has been proved to have...
The effect of marine-derived sea cucumber sterol (SS) with a special sulfate group on lipid accumulation remains unknown, although phytosterol has been proved to have many biological activities, including lowering blood cholesterol. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the alleviation of SS on lipid accumulation and the possible underlying mechanism using high-fat-fructose diet fed mice. Dietary administration with SS for 8 weeks reduced significantly the body weight gain and lipid levels in serum and liver. Especially, SS was superior to phytosterol in lowering lipid accumulation due to the great promotion of fatty acid β-oxidation, the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, and the acceleration of cholesterol efflux. The findings found that sea cucumber sterol exhibited a more significant effect than phytosterol on alleviating HFF-diet-induced lipid accumulation through regulating lipid and cholesterol metabolism, which might be attributed to the difference in the branch chain and sulfate group.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Cucumaria; Diet, High-Fat; Fatty Acids; Fructose; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Obesity; Sterols
PubMed: 32786870
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03794 -
PloS One 2014The aphid Myzus persicae displays high mortality on tobacco plants bearing a transgene which results in the accumulation of the ketosteroids cholestan-3-one and...
The aphid Myzus persicae displays high mortality on tobacco plants bearing a transgene which results in the accumulation of the ketosteroids cholestan-3-one and cholest-4-en-3-one in the phloem sap. To test whether the ketosteroids are the basis of the plant resistance to the aphids, M. persicae were reared on chemically-defined diets with different steroid contents at 0.1-10 µg ml(-1). Relative to sterol-free diet and dietary supplements of the two ketosteroids and two phytosterols, dietary cholesterol significantly extended aphid lifespan and increased fecundity at one or more dietary concentrations tested. Median lifespan was 50% lower on the diet supplemented with cholest-4-en-3-one than on the cholesterol-supplemented diet. Aphid feeding rate did not vary significantly across the treatments, indicative of no anti-feedant effect of any sterol/steroid. Aphids reared on diets containing equal amounts of cholesterol and cholest-4-en-3-one showed fecundity equivalent to aphids on diets containing only cholesterol. Aphids were reared on diets that reproduced the relative steroid abundance in the phloem sap of the control and modified tobacco plants, and their performance on the two diet formulations was broadly equivalent. We conclude that, at the concentrations tested, plant ketosteroids support weaker aphid performance than cholesterol, but do not cause acute toxicity to the aphids. In plants, the ketosteroids may act synergistically with plant factors absent from artificial diets but are unlikely to be solely responsible for resistance of modified tobacco plants.
Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Aphids; Cholestenones; Cholesterol; Diet; Host-Parasite Interactions; Plants, Genetically Modified; Sterols; Nicotiana
PubMed: 24465993
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086256 -
The British Journal of Nutrition Sep 2022Different from developed countries, there is a paucity of research examining how the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Mediterranean diets relate to...
Different from developed countries, there is a paucity of research examining how the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Mediterranean diets relate to lipids in less-developed ethnic minority regions (LEMR). A total of 83 081 participants from seven ethnic groups were retrieved from the baseline data of the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort study, which was conducted in less-developed Southwest China between May 2018 and September 2019. Multivariable linear regression models were then used to examine the associations of the DASH and alternative Mediterranean diet (AMED) scores, assessed by modified DASH score and AMED, as well as their components with total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, TAG and TC/HDL-cholesterol. The DASH scores were negatively associated with TC, HDL-cholesterol and TAG. Comparing the highest quintiles with the lowest DASH scores, TC decreased 0·0708 (95 % CI -0·0923, -0·0493) mmol/l, HDL-cholesterol decreased 0·0380 (95 % CI -0·0462, -0·0299) mmol/l and TAG decreased 0·0668 (95 % CI -0·0994, -0·0341) mmol/l. The AMED scores were negatively associated with TC, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol. Comparing the highest quintiles with the lowest AMED scores, TC decreased 0·0816 (95 % CI -0·1035, -0·0597) mmol/l, LDL-cholesterol decreased 0·0297 (95 % CI -0·0477, -0·0118) mmol/l and HDL-cholesterol decreased 0·0275 (95 % CI -0·0358, -0·0192) mmol/l. Although both the DASH diet and the Mediterranean diet were negatively associated with blood lipids, those associations showed different patterns in LEMR, particularly for TAG and HDL-cholesterol.
Topics: Humans; Diet, Mediterranean; Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension; Ethnicity; Cohort Studies; Ethnic and Racial Minorities; Minority Groups; Lipids; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL
PubMed: 34605387
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114521004013 -
Nutrients Jun 2022Dietary cholesterol has been suggested to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Phytosterols, present in food or phytosterol-enriched products, can reduce...
Dietary Plant Sterols and Phytosterol-Enriched Margarines and Their Relationship with Cardiovascular Disease among Polish Men and Women: The WOBASZ II Cross-Sectional Study.
Dietary cholesterol has been suggested to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Phytosterols, present in food or phytosterol-enriched products, can reduce cholesterol available for absorption. The present study aimed to investigate the association between habitual intake of total and individual plant sterols (β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol) or a diet combined with phytosterol-enriched products and CVD in a cross-section of Polish adults, participants of the Multicenter National Health Survey II (WOBASZ II). Among men (n = 2554), median intakes of plant sterols in terciles ranged between 183−456 mg/d and among women (n = 3136), 146−350 mg/d in terciles. The intake of phytosterols, when consumed with food containing phytosterols, including margarine, ranged between 184−459 mg/d for men and 147−352 mg/d for women. Among both men and women, beta-sitosterol intake predominated. Plant sterol intake was lower among both men and women with CVD (p = 0.016) compared to those without CVD. Diet quality, as measured by the Healthy Diet Index (HDI), was significantly higher in the third tercile of plant sterol intake for both men and women and the entire study group (p < 0.0001). This study suggests that habitual dietary intake of plant sterols may be associated with a lower chance of developing CVD, particularly in men.
Topics: Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Female; Humans; Male; Margarine; Phytosterols; Poland
PubMed: 35807845
DOI: 10.3390/nu14132665 -
The Journal of Clinical Investigation Aug 1993We measured biliary and fecal sterol outputs in 12 human subjects on a metabolic ward in four randomly allocated, 6-7 wk periods: (a) lovastatin (40 mg b.i.d.) + low... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
We measured biliary and fecal sterol outputs in 12 human subjects on a metabolic ward in four randomly allocated, 6-7 wk periods: (a) lovastatin (40 mg b.i.d.) + low cholesterol diet (mean 246 mg/d), (b) lovastatin + high cholesterol diet (mean 1,071 mg/d), (c) low cholesterol diet alone, (d) high cholesterol diet alone. In addition to lowering serum LDL cholesterol, lovastatin significantly lowered biliary secretion of cholesterol, fecal output of endogenous neutral sterols, cholesterol balance, and systemic cholesterol input (the sum of cholesterol synthesis and absorbed dietary cholesterol). The high cholesterol diet significantly lowered cholesterol balance, but significantly increased systemic cholesterol input and fecal output of acidic sterols. There was no significant interaction between lovastatin and dietary cholesterol for any parameter measured. Judging from these data, the primary action of lovastatin is to lower cholesterol synthesis and systemic cholesterol input, the main compensatory response being reduced biliary cholesterol secretion. Conversely, increased dietary cholesterol appears to increase systemic cholesterol input, the major compensatory response being increased bile acid synthesis. There appears to be no interaction between these two perturbations of systemic cholesterol input.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, Dietary; Cholesterol, LDL; Feces; Homeostasis; Humans; Lovastatin; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Sterols; Triglycerides
PubMed: 8349825
DOI: 10.1172/JCI116666