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Journal of Animal Science Sep 2022A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of supplementation of increasing concentrations of a novel, bacterial...
A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of supplementation of increasing concentrations of a novel, bacterial fermentation-derived vitamin D source on growth performance and tissue deposition of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3) in growing swine. Dietary treatments were as follows: commercial control with vitamin D3 (CON) at NRC recommended concentrations and three diets composed of CON + increasing inclusions (25, 50, and 250 µg/kg equivalent) of 25OHD3 from a novel source (CON + 25; CON + 50; and CON + 250, respectively). Pigs (n = 144) were assigned to 24 pens which were allotted to one of the four dietary treatments and fed for 42 d. Blood samples were collected for 25OHD3 concentration determination and individual body weights (BW) were measured on experimental day 0, 39, and 63. On day 42, tissues from 48 pigs (12 pigs per dietary treatment) were analyzed for 25OHD3 concentration. No differences were observed in growth performance. Day 39 serum 25OHD3 concentrations were greatest in CON + 250-fed pigs and linearly decreased as dietary 25OHD3 inclusion decreased (P < 0.0001). On day 42, tissue 25OHD3 concentrations increased linearly as 25OHD3 increased in the diet (P < 0.0001). On day 63, 21 d after dietary 25OHD3 withdrawal, serum 25OHD3 concentrations of all 25OHD3-fed pigs decreased to that of or within 2.76 ± 0.89 ng/mL of CON-fed pigs which demonstrates that feeding 250 µg/kg 25OHD3 is well tolerated by growing pigs and will clear the body within 21 d.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Calcifediol; Cholecalciferol; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Swine; Vitamin D
PubMed: 35961010
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac260 -
Nutrition Reviews May 1975
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Bacteria; Bile Acids and Salts; Carcinogens; China; Colonic Neoplasms; Diet; Diet, Vegetarian; Feces; Humans; Intestines; Japan; Religion; Sterols; United States
PubMed: 1094331
DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1975.tb07106.x -
Nutrition and Metabolism 1979We studied the effect of polyunsaturated dietary fat upon the 24-hour loss of cholesterol and other sterols from the skin surface of 4 human subjects. They were fed...
We studied the effect of polyunsaturated dietary fat upon the 24-hour loss of cholesterol and other sterols from the skin surface of 4 human subjects. They were fed cholesterol-free diets which provided 40% of the total caloric intake from saturated fat (cocoa butter) and then a highly polyunsaturated fat (corn oil). In both dietary fat periods, the daily loss of cholesterol through the skin was similar, 91 and 87 mg in the saturated and polyunsaturated fat periods, respectively. 87 and 89% of the total cholesterol were in the esterified form in the saturated and polyunsaturated dietary fat periods. The sterol composition of the skin surface lipid was not altered. The study suggests that the plasma cholesterol-lowering effect of dietary polyunsaturated fat was not mediated by a change in the loss of cholesterol through human skin.
Topics: Adult; Cholesterol; Cholesterol Esters; Dietary Fats; Energy Intake; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Sitosterols; Skin; Sterols; Stigmasterol
PubMed: 481829
DOI: 10.1159/000176283 -
Current Opinion in Lipidology Feb 2011A healthy diet should be rich in vegetables and fruits, whole-grain, high-fiber foods, and fish and should contain a small amount of saturated and trans fats. In... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
A healthy diet should be rich in vegetables and fruits, whole-grain, high-fiber foods, and fish and should contain a small amount of saturated and trans fats. In addition to these recommendations, some food ingredients such as plant sterol/stanol soy protein and isoflavones may help reduce cholesterol levels. Increased dietary fiber intakes are associated with significantly lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease and lower LDL-cholesterol concentration of about 5-10%. Beyond LDL-cholesterol lowering effects, other benefits have been observed on hypertension, diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarize the different dietary approaches proven to be associated with LDL-cholesterol decrease. Nutritional interventions that do not exert significant LDL-cholesterol decrease have not been included in this review.
RECENT FINDINGS
On top of a 'classical' step 1 and step 2 diet, the cornerstone of dietary recommendations, recent findings confirm the deleterious effects of trans fatty acid or the beneficial effects of sterols/stanols and nuts.
SUMMARY
Dietary recommendations may have an impressive impact on cardiovascular events because they can be implemented early in life and because the sum of the effect on LDL-cholesterol is far from being negligible: step 1 diet (-10%), dietary fibers (-5 to -10%), plant sterols/stanols (-10%), nut consumption (-8%), and soy protein (-3 to -10%).
Topics: Cholesterol, LDL; Diet; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Nuts; Phytosterols
PubMed: 21233620
DOI: 10.1097/MOL.0b013e328340b8e7 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jul 2001Sterols in feces reflect sterols in the diet. In previous analyses of the fecal steroids in 1000-2000-y-old Native American coprolites found in the dry caves of Nevada,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Sterols in feces reflect sterols in the diet. In previous analyses of the fecal steroids in 1000-2000-y-old Native American coprolites found in the dry caves of Nevada, we showed that the sterol nucleus was stable. The coprolites provided useful dietary information.
OBJECTIVE
In the present study, we analyzed the fecal steroids of an Eskimo mummy buried and frozen >500 y ago in Greenland. We compared these analyses with our findings in the coprolites from Nevada and in present-day stool samples from Tarahumara Indians of Mexico and Americans consuming low- and high-cholesterol diets.
DESIGN
The fecal material from the Eskimo mummy was subjected to saponification, extraction, and digitonin precipitation. The sterols and bile acids were further analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography.
RESULTS
The fecal steroids of the Greenland Eskimo mummy were remarkably similar to those of present-day stool samples. However, unlike in the stool of modern humans, a portion of the neutral steroids in the coprolite had been converted to sterol epimers. Instead of deoxycholic acid, 3alpha,6beta,12alpha-trihydroxycholanic acid was one of the major fecal bile acids. The plant sterol output in the coprolite was only 0.4% of the output of Americans consuming 250-400 mg plant sterols/d. The ratio of bile acid to cholesterol in the coprolite was similar to that in stool from Tarahumara Indians consuming a low-cholesterol diet.
CONCLUSION
The sterol nucleus is stable when frozen. The analysis of coprolite showed that the young Eskimo woman had consumed a diet very low in plant sterols and moderate to low in cholesterol content.
Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Cholestanol; Cholesterol; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Diet; Feces; Greenland; History, 15th Century; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuit; Mummies; Nevada; Phytosterols; Steroids
PubMed: 11451716
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/74.1.44 -
Lipids Feb 2005Plant sterols, soy proteins, viscous fibers, and nuts are advised for cholesterol reduction, but their combined effect on plant sterol absorption has never been tested.... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Effects of a diet high in plant sterols, vegetable proteins, and viscous fibers (dietary portfolio) on circulating sterol levels and red cell fragility in hypercholesterolemic subjects.
Plant sterols, soy proteins, viscous fibers, and nuts are advised for cholesterol reduction, but their combined effect on plant sterol absorption has never been tested. We assessed their combined action on serum sterols in hyperlipidemic subjects who were following low-saturated fat diets before starting the study and who returned to these diets post-test. The 1-mon test (combination) diet was high in plant sterols (1 g/1,000 kcal), soy protein (23 g/1,000 kcal), viscous fiber (9 g/1,000 kcal), and almonds (14 g/1000 kcal). Fasting blood was obtained for serum lipids and sterols, and erythrocytes were obtained for fragility prior to and at 2-wk intervals during the study. The combination diet raised serum campesterol concentrations by 50% and beta-sitosterol by 27%, although these changes were not significant after Bonferroni correction; near-maximal rises were found by the end of the first week, but no change was found in red cell fragility despite a 29% reduction in the LDL cholesterol level. No significant associations were observed between changes in red cell fragility and blood lipids or sterols. We conclude that plant sterols had a minimal impact on serum sterol concentrations or red cell fragility in hyperlipidemic subjects on diets that greatly reduced their serum lipids.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cholesterol; Demography; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Male; Middle Aged; Osmotic Fragility; Phytosterols; Plant Proteins, Dietary; Risk Factors
PubMed: 15884765
DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1372-6 -
Journal of the American College of... Dec 1997Sitosterolemia is a genetic disorder characterized by an increased plasma plant sterol concentration due to enhanced sterol absorption coupled with reduced steroid... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
Sitosterolemia is a genetic disorder characterized by an increased plasma plant sterol concentration due to enhanced sterol absorption coupled with reduced steroid excretion. The purpose of the present investigation was two-fold; first to assess the effects of a "basal" low sitosterol metabolic diet on plasma sterols and sterol balance, and, secondly, to quantify the relative influence of graduated increase in dietary sitosterol intake on a metabolic diet in a sitosterolemic homozygote, obligate heterozygote, and controls.
METHODS
Patients were studied under strict metabolic conditions and fed a "basal" 30% fat, low-sitosterol (33 mg per 2000 kcal) diet. The level of dietary sitosterol was increased by addition of oils and resulted in final dietary sitosterol intakes of 1.8 mg/kg, 2.6 mg/kg and 3.5 mg/kg/day intakes of dietary sitosterol in the homozygote. These sitosterol dosages were selected based on sitosterol intakes equivalent to 2.6 mg/kg/day in the average American diet. Plasma cholesterol, sitosterol, and apolipoprotein A were measured, and stool collections assayed for sterol balance.
RESULTS
Fecal sterol excretion and cholesterol synthesis were depressed markedly by 50% in the homozygote compared to the heterozygous parent, whereas plasma sitosterol levels were increased over 50-fold. When the sitosterol content of the diet was increased three-fold and dietary cholesterol was maintained in the homozygous and hypercholesterolemic control, plasma levels did not increase in the homozygote. Plasma cholesterol and sitosterol levels were unaffected in the hypercholesterolemic control.
CONCLUSIONS
Plasma sterol levels remained elevated with the dietary sitosterol changes in the sitosterolemic homozygote. These findings were associated with a low fecal sterol excretion rate and depressed endogenous cholesterol synthesis. In this sitosterolemic patient, a very low sitosterol diet to curtail sterol input was of minimal therapeutic benefit. These results have important implications regarding the selection of therapy for this patient under these experimental conditions, but cannot be generalized to other homozygotes.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Apolipoproteins A; Apolipoproteins B; Bile Acids and Salts; Cholesterol, Dietary; Diet; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Female; Heterozygote; Homozygote; Humans; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Male; Mevalonic Acid; Middle Aged; Sitosterols; Sterols
PubMed: 9430090
DOI: No ID Found -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Apr 2017Phytosterols are naturally occurring compounds in plants, structurally similar to cholesterol. The human diet is quite abundant in sitosterol and campesterol.... (Review)
Review
Phytosterols are naturally occurring compounds in plants, structurally similar to cholesterol. The human diet is quite abundant in sitosterol and campesterol. Phytosterols are known to have various bioactive properties including reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption which alleviates blood LDL-cholesterol and cardiovascular problems. It is indicated that phytosterol rich diets may reduce cancer risk by 20%. Phytosterols may also affect host systems, enabling antitumor responses by improving immune response recognition of cancer, affecting the hormone dependent endocrine tumor growth, and by sterol biosynthesis modulation. Moreover, phytosterols have also exhibited properties that directly inhibit tumor growth, including reduced cell cycle progression, apoptosis induction, and tumor metastasis inhibition. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on occurrences, chemistry, pharmacokinetics and potential anticancer properties of phytosterols in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, anticancer effects of phytosterols have strongly been suggested and support their dietary inclusion to prevent and treat cancers.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Diet; Humans; Neoplasms; Phytosterols
PubMed: 28157655
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.068 -
Cells Dec 2020Lipids are important molecules for human health. The quantity and quality of fats consumed in the diet have important effects on the modulation of both the natural... (Review)
Review
Lipids are important molecules for human health. The quantity and quality of fats consumed in the diet have important effects on the modulation of both the natural biosynthesis and degradation of lipids. There is an important number of lipid-failed associated metabolic diseases and an increasing number of studies suggesting that certain types of lipids might be beneficial to the treatment of many metabolic diseases. The aim of the present work is to expose an overview of biosynthesis, storage, and degradation of lipids in mammalian cells, as well as, to review the published data describing the beneficial effects of these processes and the potential of some dietary lipids to improve metabolic diseases.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biomarkers; Cholesterol; Diet; Dietary Fats; Eicosanoids; GTP Phosphohydrolases; Homeostasis; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Metabolic Diseases; Mitochondrial Proteins; Phospholipids; Sterols; Triglycerides
PubMed: 33291746
DOI: 10.3390/cells9122605 -
Archives de Pediatrie : Organe Officiel... Jul 2010Dietary recommendations are the first step of children hypercholesterolemia's management, whatever its level and its mechanism. The authors review the scientific...
Dietary recommendations are the first step of children hypercholesterolemia's management, whatever its level and its mechanism. The authors review the scientific justifications for these recommendations, and particularly the effects on plasma LDL-cholesterol of the different dietary fatty acids, of fibers and plant sterols. They point out the diet's aim and principles and they give consumption indicators and practical advice.
Topics: Child; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Fatty Acids; Humans; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II; Phytosterols
PubMed: 20605424
DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2010.04.014