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Nature Oct 2020
Topics: Bacteria; Dinucleoside Phosphates
PubMed: 32989308
DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-02712-8 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews Nov 2020Cyclic dimeric adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is an emerging second messenger in bacteria and archaea that is synthesized from two molecules of ATP by... (Review)
Review
Cyclic dimeric adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is an emerging second messenger in bacteria and archaea that is synthesized from two molecules of ATP by diadenylate cyclases and degraded to pApA or two AMP molecules by c-di-AMP-specific phosphodiesterases. Through binding to specific protein- and riboswitch-type receptors, c-di-AMP regulates a wide variety of prokaryotic physiological functions, including maintaining the osmotic pressure, balancing central metabolism, monitoring DNA damage and controlling biofilm formation and sporulation. It mediates bacterial adaptation to a variety of environmental parameters and can also induce an immune response in host animal cells. In this review, we discuss the phylogenetic distribution of c-di-AMP-related enzymes and receptors and provide some insights into the various aspects of c-di-AMP signaling pathways based on more than a decade of research. We emphasize the key role of c-di-AMP in maintaining bacterial osmotic balance, especially in Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, we discuss the future direction and trends of c-di-AMP regulatory network, such as the likely existence of potential c-di-AMP transporter(s), the possibility of crosstalk between c-di-AMP signaling with other regulatory systems, and the effects of c-di-AMP compartmentalization. This review aims to cover the broad spectrum of research on the regulatory functions of c-di-AMP and c-di-AMP signaling pathways.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Phylogeny; Research; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 32472931
DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa019 -
FEBS Letters Jul 1991Studies of the whole genome by molecular and cytogenetic methods have implicated DNA methylation in the formation of 'inactive chromatin'. This has been confirmed by... (Review)
Review
Studies of the whole genome by molecular and cytogenetic methods have implicated DNA methylation in the formation of 'inactive chromatin'. This has been confirmed by analysis of specific endogenous sequences, and has been mimicked by introducing methylated and non-methylated sequences into cells. As well as affecting chromatin structure. DNA methylation also represses transcription. A protein (MeCP) which binds specifically to methylated DNA has been identified. The properties of MeCP could account for the effects of DNA methylation on both chromatin and transcription.
Topics: 5-Methylcytosine; Chromatin; Cytosine; DNA; DNA-Binding Proteins; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Heterochromatin; Methylation; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 1855583
DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80795-5 -
Acta Biochimica Polonica 2003This review summarizes our knowledge of analogs and derivatives of diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A), the most extensively studied member of the... (Review)
Review
This review summarizes our knowledge of analogs and derivatives of diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A), the most extensively studied member of the dinucleoside 5',5"'-P1,Pn-polyphosphate (NpnN) family. After a short discussion of enzymes that may be responsible for the accumulation and degradation of Np4)N's in the cell, this review focuses on chemically and/or enzymatically produced analogs and their practical applications. Particular attention is paid to compounds that have aided the study of enzymes involved in the metabolism of Ap4A (Np4N'). Certain Ap4A analogs were alternative substrates of Ap4A-degrading enzymes and/or acted as enzyme inhibitors, some other helped to establish enzyme mechanisms, increased the sensitivity of certain enzyme assays or produced stable enzyme:ligand complexes for structural analysis.
Topics: Chromogenic Compounds; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Fluorescence; Proteins; Radioisotopes
PubMed: 14739989
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Leukocyte Biology Oct 2008Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs mimic the immunostimulatory activity of bacterial DNA. CpG ODN directly stimulate human B cells... (Review)
Review
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs mimic the immunostimulatory activity of bacterial DNA. CpG ODN directly stimulate human B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, promote the production of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines, and trigger the maturation/activation of professional APC. CpG ODN are finding use in the treatment of cancer, allergy, and infection. In contrast, ODN containing multiple TTAGGG motifs mimic the immunosuppressive activity of self-DNA, down-regulating the production of proinflammatory and Th1 cytokines. Preclinical studies suggest that "suppressive" ODN may slow or prevent diseases characterized by pathologic immune stimulation, including autoimmunity and septic shock. Extensive studies in animal models suggest that the therapeutic value of CpG and TTAGGG ODN may be optimized by early administration.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Cell Survival; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammation; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; Shock, Septic
PubMed: 18430787
DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1107775 -
Journal of Cell Science. Supplement 1992Methylated DNA in mammals is associated with transcriptional repression and nuclease resistant chromatin. In this review we discuss how these effects may be mediated by... (Review)
Review
Methylated DNA in mammals is associated with transcriptional repression and nuclease resistant chromatin. In this review we discuss how these effects may be mediated by proteins that bind to methylated DNA.
Topics: Animals; DNA; DNA-Binding Proteins; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Methylation; Mice; Repressor Proteins; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 1297654
DOI: 10.1242/jcs.1992.supplement_16.2 -
Archivos de La Sociedad Espanola de... Mar 2007
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Disease Models, Animal; Dry Eye Syndromes; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Ophthalmic Solutions; Polyphosphates; Tears; Uracil Nucleotides
PubMed: 17357887
DOI: 10.4321/s0365-66912007000300002 -
Nature Reviews. Cancer Dec 2004DNA hypermethylation in CpG-rich promoters is now recognized as a common feature of human neoplasia. However, the pathophysiology of hyper-methylation (why, when, where)... (Review)
Review
DNA hypermethylation in CpG-rich promoters is now recognized as a common feature of human neoplasia. However, the pathophysiology of hyper-methylation (why, when, where) remains obscure. Cancers can be classified according to their degree of methylation, and those cancers with high degrees of methylation (the CpG island methylator phenotype, or CIMP) represent a clinically and aetiologically distinct group that is characterized by 'epigenetic instability'. Furthermore, CIMP-associated cancers seem to have a distinct epidemiology, a distinct histology, distinct precursor lesions and distinct molecular features.
Topics: Animals; DNA Methylation; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Humans; Neoplasms; Phenotype
PubMed: 15573120
DOI: 10.1038/nrc1507 -
Nature Reviews. Immunology Jan 2018
Topics: Bacteria; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Immunity, Innate; Second Messenger Systems
PubMed: 29379188
DOI: 10.1038/nri.2018.5 -
Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and... 2017Diadenosine tetraphosphate abbreviated ApA is a naturally occurring dinucleotide, which is present in most of the ocular fluids. Due to its intrinsic resistance to... (Review)
Review
Diadenosine tetraphosphate abbreviated ApA is a naturally occurring dinucleotide, which is present in most of the ocular fluids. Due to its intrinsic resistance to enzyme degradation compared to mononucleotides, this molecule can exhibit profound actions on ocular tissues, including the ocular surface, ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, and probably the retina. The actions of ApA are mostly carried out by P2Y receptors, but the participation of P2X2 and P2Y in processes such as the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP), together with the P2Y, is pivotal. Beyond the physiological role, this dinucleotide can present on the ocular surface keeping a right production of tear secretion or regulating IOP. It is important to note that exogenous application of ApA to cells or animal models can significantly modify pathophysiological conditions and thus is an attractive therapeutic molecule. The ocular location where ApA actions have not been fully elucidated is in the retina. Although some analogues show interesting actions on pathological situations such as retinal detachment, little is known about the real effect of this dinucleotide, this being one of the challenges that require pursuing in the near future.
Topics: Animals; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Eye; Humans
PubMed: 28414592
DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0146