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EXS 1993
Review
Topics: Base Sequence; Binding Sites; Cell Nucleus; DNA; DNA Modification Methylases; DNA-Binding Proteins; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Genes, ras; HeLa Cells; Humans; Methylation; Nuclear Proteins; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Promoter Regions, Genetic
PubMed: 8418953
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9118-9_14 -
Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and... May 2004This review presents our knowledge of potential biochemical conversions of minor mononucleotides, such as adenosine-5'-tetraphosphate (p4A) and... (Review)
Review
This review presents our knowledge of potential biochemical conversions of minor mononucleotides, such as adenosine-5'-tetraphosphate (p4A) and adenosine-5'-pentaphosphate (p5A), and dinucleotides, such as diadenosine-5',5"'-P1,P3-triphosphate (Ap3A) and diadenosine-5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A), in plants. Although the occurrence of p4A, Ap3A and/or Ap4A has been demonstrated in various bacteria, fungi and animals, identification of these compounds in plants has not been reported as yet. However, the ubiquity of both the compounds and enzymes that can synthesize them (certain ligases and transferases), the demonstration that certain plant ligases can synthesize pnAs and ApnNs in vitro, and the existence in plants of specific and nonspecific degradative enzymes strongly suggest that these various pnNs and NpnN's do indeed occur and play a biological role in plant cells. In fact, some of the plant enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of these minor mono- and dinucleotides have been studied even more thoroughly than their counterparts from other organisms.
Topics: Adenine Nucleotides; Dinucleoside Phosphates; History, 20th Century; Plants
PubMed: 14977555
DOI: 10.2741/1338 -
Nature Jun 1953
Topics: Dinucleoside Phosphates; Hydrolysis; Nucleic Acids; Nucleotides; Purine Nucleotides; RNA
PubMed: 13072524
DOI: 10.1038/1711151a0 -
Biochemical Pharmacology Jul 1997Intracellular diadenosine polyphosphates (Ap(n)A) are signal molecules that alert the cell under stress conditions. Herein, we review evidence that has recently... (Review)
Review
Intracellular diadenosine polyphosphates (Ap(n)A) are signal molecules that alert the cell under stress conditions. Herein, we review evidence that has recently identified a novel target for Ap(n)A, namely the ATP-sensitive K+ (K(ATP)) channel. These channels are abundant in pancreatic beta-cells and cardiac myocytes where they are essential in coupling the cellular metabolic state with membrane excitability. The potency and efficacy of Ap(n)A to inhibit K(ATP) channel activity were first described in cardiac K(ATP) channels, and appear similar to those of intracellular ATP, the primary ligand of K(ATP) channels. Also, the inhibitory ligand action of Ap(n)A is dependent upon the operative condition of K(ATP) channels and the presence of nucleotide diphosphates. In addition to a direct antagonism of channel opening, an indirect effect of Ap(n)A on K(ATP) channel activity has been associated with inhibition of adenylate kinase, a catalytic system believed essential for the regulation of channel opening. At present, the precise role for Ap(n)A-induced K(ATP) channel inhibition remains to be established. Yet, it is known that, under glucose challenge of pancreatic beta-cells, intracellular concentrations of Ap(n)A do increase to micromolar levels necessary to block K(ATP) channels, leading to insulin secretion. Thus, the Ap(n)A-mediated K(ATP) channel gating represents a previously unrecognized pathway of channel regulation.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Cell Membrane; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Ion Channel Gating; Islets of Langerhans; Ligands; Myocardium; Polyphosphates; Potassium Channel Blockers; Potassium Channels
PubMed: 9271325
DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00262-1 -
Nature Jan 1994Our understanding of the regulation of vascular tone has been extended since the identification of vasoactive agents such as the atrial natriuretic peptides,...
Our understanding of the regulation of vascular tone has been extended since the identification of vasoactive agents such as the atrial natriuretic peptides, endothelial-derived relaxing factor and endothelin. Unidentified vasopressive agents have been found in platelets. Here we isolate these vasopressors and identify them as diadenosine pentaphosphate (AP5A) and diadenosine hexaphosphate (AP6A) by chromatography, mass spectrometry, ultraviolet spectroscopy and enzymatic cleavage. In the vasculature of isolated perfused rat kidney, both diadenosine phosphates were active at a concentration of 10(-9) M; in aortic rings, contractions were elicited at 10(-8) M. Intra-aortic injection in the rat caused a prolonged increase in blood pressure. We conclude that AP5A and AP6A may play a part in local vasoregulation and possibly in the regulation of blood pressure.
Topics: 5'-Nucleotidase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aorta; Blood Platelets; Blood Pressure; Chromatography, Liquid; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Exonucleases; In Vitro Techniques; Kidney; Mass Spectrometry; Nucleotidases; Phosphodiesterase I; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Rats; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Vasoconstriction
PubMed: 8114917
DOI: 10.1038/367186a0 -
Journal of the American Chemical Society Sep 2005Laser-induced acoustic desorption combined with mass spectrometry has been used to demonstrate that phenyl radicals can attack dinucleoside phosphates at both the sugar...
Laser-induced acoustic desorption combined with mass spectrometry has been used to demonstrate that phenyl radicals can attack dinucleoside phosphates at both the sugar and base moieties, that purine bases are more susceptible to the attack than pyrimidine bases, and that the more electrophilic the radical, the more efficient the damage to dinucleoside phosphates.
Topics: Benzene Derivatives; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Free Radicals; Lasers; Mass Spectrometry; Molecular Structure; Purine Nucleotides; Purines
PubMed: 16159243
DOI: 10.1021/ja052766a -
Progress in Brain Research 1999
Review
Topics: Adenine Nucleotides; Animals; Brain; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Humans; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; Presynaptic Terminals; Protein Kinases
PubMed: 10551014
DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63572-4 -
FEBS Letters Jun 1998Diadenosine polyphosphates present at the cytosol can be transported to secretory granules allowing their exocytotic release. Extracellularly, they can act through... (Review)
Review
Diadenosine polyphosphates present at the cytosol can be transported to secretory granules allowing their exocytotic release. Extracellularly, they can act through specific metabotropic or ionotropic receptors, or as analogues of P2X and P2Y nucleotide receptors. The specific ionotropic receptor P4 is present in synaptic terminals, and modulated by protein kinases (PK) A and C and protein phosphatases. Activation of PKA or PKC, directly or through membrane receptors, results in a decrease of affinity or in reduction of the Ca2+ transient respectively. Adenosine and ATP, both products of the extracellular destruction of diadenosine polyphosphates, acting through A1 or P2Y receptors respectively, are important physiological modulators at the P4 receptor.
Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Cytoplasm; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Extracellular Space; Neurotransmitter Agents
PubMed: 9678598
DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00560-2 -
Chembiochem : a European Journal of... Dec 2015The fundamental roles of nucleoside triphosphates and nucleotide cofactors such as NAD(+) in biochemistry are well known. In recent decades, continuing research has... (Review)
Review
The fundamental roles of nucleoside triphosphates and nucleotide cofactors such as NAD(+) in biochemistry are well known. In recent decades, continuing research has revealed the key role of 5'-capped RNA and 5',5'-dinucleoside polyphosphates in the regulation of vitally important physiological processes. Last but not least, the commercial potential of nucleoside triphosphate synthesis can hardly be overestimated. Nevertheless, despite decades of investigation and the obvious topicality of the research on the chemical synthesis of the nucleotide compounds containing phosphate anhydride linkages, none of the existing procedures can be considered an up-to-date "gold standard". However, there are a number of fruitful synthetic approaches to forming phosphate anhydride linkages in satisfactory yield. These are summarized in this concise review, organized by the type of active phosphorous intermediate and reagents used.
Topics: Anhydrides; Carbodiimides; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Nucleotides; Organophosphonates; Phosphates
PubMed: 26420042
DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500406 -
Radiation Research Apr 2006Singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide are the reactive oxygen species (ROS) considered most responsible for producing oxidative...
Singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide are the reactive oxygen species (ROS) considered most responsible for producing oxidative stress in cells and organisms. Singlet oxygen interacts preferentially with guanine to produce 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine and spiroiminodihydantoin. DNA damage due to the latter lesion has not been detected directly in the DNA of cells exposed to singlet oxygen. In this study, the singlet oxygen-induced lesion was isolated from a short synthetic oligomer after exposure to UVA radiation in the presence of methylene blue. The lesion could be enzymatically excised from the oligomer in the form of a modified dinucleoside monophosphate. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the singlet oxygen lesion was detected in the form of modified dinucleoside monophosphates in double-stranded DNA and in the DNA of HeLa cells exposed to singlet oxygen. Pentamer containing the singlet oxygen-induced lesion and an isotopic label was synthesized as an internal standard for quantifying the lesion and served as well as for correcting for losses of product during sample preparation.
Topics: Animals; Chromatography, Liquid; DNA; DNA Damage; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; HeLa Cells; Humans; Mass Spectrometry; Mutagenicity Tests; Radiation Dosage; Singlet Oxygen; Thymine
PubMed: 16579657
DOI: 10.1667/rr3533.1