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Journal of the American Veterinary... May 1992Clinical records of 6,977 dogs examined at the small animal clinic of the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine from January 1980 through December 1989...
Clinical records of 6,977 dogs examined at the small animal clinic of the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine from January 1980 through December 1989 were analyzed to determine the prevalence and changing frequency of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum infection. Using the Knott's test on these dogs, 805 (11.54%) tested positive for microfilariae, with D immitis in 430 dogs (6.16%), and Dip reconditum in 375 dogs (5.37%). Statistical analysis confirmed that the prevalence of D immitis and that of Dip reconditum were essentially equal in the population of dogs included in this study. There was a slight decrease in the prevalence of D immitis over the 10 years examined, but the prevalence of Dip reconditum remained constant. The results were not affected by year-to-year variability in the number of examinations performed. On the basis of our findings, in eastern Tennessee, those veterinarians who diagnose heartworm infection by the presence of microfilariae without differentiating the species involved, risk misdiagnosing 50% of the cases. If the patterns of prevalence seen in recent years continue, the chances of error may actually increase.
Topics: Animals; Dipetalonema; Dipetalonema Infections; Dirofilaria immitis; Dirofilariasis; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Tennessee
PubMed: 1612997
DOI: No ID Found -
The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical... Sep 1973
Review
Topics: Animals; Birds; Carnivora; Cats; Culicidae; Deer; Dipetalonema; Diptera; Dirofilariasis; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Vectors; Dogs; Ecology; Filariasis; Filarioidea; Humans; Loa; Mansonella; Nematode Infections; Onchocerca; Onchocerciasis; Primates; Rodentia; Siphonaptera; Wuchereria
PubMed: 4149036
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Journal of Tropical... Mar 1976Microfilariae were observed in 25 of 187 blood leucocyte-culture preparations made for chromosome studies on 28 Piaroa and 159 Yanomama Indians living near the Brazilian...
Microfilariae were observed in 25 of 187 blood leucocyte-culture preparations made for chromosome studies on 28 Piaroa and 159 Yanomama Indians living near the Brazilian border of Amazonas, Venezuela. Among the Yanomama, 17 (10.7%) were infected, all with Mansonella ozzardi. Among the Piaroa, 8 (28.6%) were infected--3 with M. ozzardi, 4 with Dipetalonema perstans, and 1 with both species.
Topics: Dipetalonema; Dipetalonema Infections; Humans; Indians, South American; Mansonella; Mansonelliasis; Microfilariae; Venezuela
PubMed: 769579
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1976.25.263 -
Infection and Immunity Jun 1986Jirds with prepatent Dipetalonema viteae infections develop an acquired immunity to challenge infections. The objective of the present study was to observe...
Jirds with prepatent Dipetalonema viteae infections develop an acquired immunity to challenge infections. The objective of the present study was to observe parasite-specific and nonspecific cellular and humoral immune responses in immune jirds. Splenic hyperplasia was observed in infected jirds during the first 5 weeks of infection. Antigen-reactive spleen cells were observed in the lymphocyte transformation assay at 3 weeks postinfection. A depressed response to concanavalin A (ConA) was seen at 1 week postinfection through week 5. Mitomycin C-treated cells from infected jirds were capable of suppressing the response of normal cells to ConA. Sephadex G-10-nonadherent spleen cells from infected jirds showed elevated responses to D. viteae antigen at 1, 3, and 5 weeks and elevated responses to ConA at 3 and 5 weeks. Filaria-specific antibodies were seen at 1 week postinfection, and titers rose through week 5. Plaque-forming cell production to sheep erythrocytes was not depressed in infected jirds. It was concluded that jirds react immunologically with both cellular and humoral responses during the prepatent period of D. viteae infection. A concurrent immune depression was seen. Its effect on resistance and tolerance remains to be determined.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Antigens, Helminth; Dipetalonema; Dipetalonema Infections; Filariasis; Gerbillinae; Immunity, Cellular; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Spleen; Splenomegaly
PubMed: 3710584
DOI: 10.1128/iai.52.3.742-747.1986 -
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology May 2012Macrocyclic lactones (MLs) have many anti-parasitic applications in small companion animal medicine. They were first developed as chemoprophylactics against heartworm... (Review)
Review
Macrocyclic lactones (MLs) have many anti-parasitic applications in small companion animal medicine. They were first developed as chemoprophylactics against heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection to be applied monthly for retroactive killing of third- and fourth-stage larvae. ML-containing products formulated for oral (ivermectin, milbemycin oxime), topical (selamectin, moxidectin) or injectable sustained release (moxidectin, ivermectin) are approved for heartworm prevention in dogs or cats. Clearance of microfilariae and gradual or "soft" killing of adult heartworms constitute increasingly prevalent extra-label uses of MLs against D. immitis. Some commercial ML formulations contain sufficient levels of active ingredient (milbemycin oxime, selamectin, moxidectin) to support additional label claims against gastrointestinal nematode parasites such as hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.) and ascarid round worms (Toxocara spp. and Toxascaris leonina). Beyond these approved applications, safe, extra-label uses of MLs against nematodes parasitizing the urinary tract, such as Capillaria spp., and parasites of the tissues, such as Dipetalonema reconditum, Dirofilaria repens, Thelazia spp. and Spirocerca lupi, in dogs and cats as well as exotic pets have been reported. MLs as a group have intrinsic insecticidal and acaricidal activity, and topical or otic formulations of certain compounds (selamectin, moxidectin, milbemycin oxime or ivermectin) are approved for treatment and control of fleas, certain ixodid ticks, sarcoptiform and demodectic mange mites and psoroptiform ear mites. Extra-label applications of MLs against ectoparasites include notoedric mange mites, dermanyssids such as Ornythonussus bacoti, numerous species of fur mite (e.g. Cheyletiella spp. and Lynxacarus) and trombiculids ("chiggers") in cats, dogs and nontraditional or exotic pets.
Topics: Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Macrolides; Off-Label Use; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Pets
PubMed: 22039798
DOI: 10.2174/138920112800399167 -
Australian Veterinary Journal Jan 1985
Topics: Animals; Dipetalonema; Dipetalonema Infections; Disease Vectors; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Filariasis; Microfilariae
PubMed: 4039925
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1985.tb06040.x -
Veterinary Parasitology May 1993A dog naturally infected with Dipetalonema dracunculoides and having a microfilaremia of 6050 microfilariae per mm3 of blood was used as source of infection....
A dog naturally infected with Dipetalonema dracunculoides and having a microfilaremia of 6050 microfilariae per mm3 of blood was used as source of infection. Experimentally cultivated nymphs of Rhipicephalus sanguineus were fed on the donor dog. Once engorged, ninety-three nymphs were removed and kept at 30 degrees C and RH 90% until they moulted to the adult stage. To study the development of microfilariae in the vector, ten ticks were dissected at Day 37 post-infection. Adult infected ticks were fed on two uninfected dogs. The observed pre-patent periods were 69 and 76 days. Trans-stadial transmission of Dipetalonema dracunculoides by Rhipicephalus sanguineus was demonstrated.
Topics: Animals; Arachnid Vectors; Dipetalonema; Dipetalonema Infections; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Male; Microfilariae; Nymph; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Ticks
PubMed: 8333138
DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(93)90034-k -
Journal of Helminthology Sep 1985Following chronic retinol (vitamin A) deprivation leading to exhaustion of liver vitamin A reserves below 50 I.U. per liver hamsters were fed diets either deficient in...
Following chronic retinol (vitamin A) deprivation leading to exhaustion of liver vitamin A reserves below 50 I.U. per liver hamsters were fed diets either deficient in ("Rd":250 I.U.A./kg in experiment I, 1000 I.U.A/kg in experiment II) or enriched with retinol ("Rw":10000 I.U.A/kg in experiment I and II). After 4 weeks some of the animals (36 in experiment I, 30 in II) were infected with 150 3rd-stage larvae of D. viteae, while clean animals were kept as controls. The retinol status, the immune response (indirect fluorescent antibody test: IFAT) and parasitological parameters were examined up to 8 (experiment I) and 12 weeks (experiment II) post infection (p.i.). Rd hamsters had levelling off of weight gain or weight loss, severely deficient retinol levels in serum and liver, and high mortality. Weight gain was less in infected than in uninfected hamsters, and the capacity of infected Rw animals to restore liver retinol was significantly lower than that of uninfected Rw animals. IFAT titres were similar in Rd and in Rw animals, but microfilaraemia was significantly enhanced at 8 and 10.5 weeks p.i. in Rd hamsters. While the number of worms recovered from Rd and Rw hamsters was similar, there was a significant increase in the ratio of female to male worms in Rd hamsters. Rd hamsters in experiment I produced 3.3 times the worm mass per 100 g body-weight than Rw hamsters. Also, the average mass per female worm was significantly higher in Rd than Rw in hamsters, and this parameter was negatively correlated with the liver retinol concentration in experiment I(r = -0.89). Retinol deficiency has a marked effect on growth and fertility of D. viteae in hamsters.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cricetinae; Dipetalonema; Dipetalonema Infections; Female; Filariasis; Male; Mesocricetus; Vitamin A Deficiency
PubMed: 4067243
DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00007951 -
Parassitologia Dec 1997Human dirofilariasis is a disease which is considered to be rare in Greece, less than 20 cases having been reported prior to 1990. The clinical manifestations were... (Review)
Review
Human dirofilariasis is a disease which is considered to be rare in Greece, less than 20 cases having been reported prior to 1990. The clinical manifestations were usually subcutaneous nodules, and in only two cases there was ocular dirofilariasis. Eight new cases were recognized in humans during the last six years in Athens, two of which with ophthalmic involvement. Twelve additional cases have been detected but not published in Thessaloniki. In all human cases, the worms were identified as being Dirofilaria repens (D. conjunctivae). The identification was based on the morphological observations of the whole nematodes and on the histological sections of the subcutaneous nodules in the samples. Four different filarial nematodes (D. immitis, D. repens, Dipetalonema reconditum and D. grassii) were recovered from dogs. Infection of dogs with all types of filariae ranges from 12% to 37%. The high incidence of dirofilariasis in dogs is of great interest compared to the low incidence in humans. The occurrence of common host animals and insect vectors makes dirofilariasis a potential danger for public health.
Topics: Animals; Culicidae; Dirofilariasis; Disease Reservoirs; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Greece; Humans; Insect Vectors; Male; Retrospective Studies; Zoonoses
PubMed: 9802098
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Tropica Jan 1993Eleven types/classes of compound with antifilarial activity were comparatively evaluated in Mastomys coucha infected with Litomosoides carinii, Acanthocheilonema viteae,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Experimental chemotherapy of filariasis: comparative evaluation of the efficacy of filaricidal compounds in Mastomys coucha infected with Litomosoides carinii, Acanthocheilonema viteae, Brugia malayi and B. pahangi.
Eleven types/classes of compound with antifilarial activity were comparatively evaluated in Mastomys coucha infected with Litomosoides carinii, Acanthocheilonema viteae, Brugia malayi or B. pahangi. The paper deals with the efficacy of (i) predominantly microfilaricidal compounds [diethylcarbamazine, levamisole, avermectins (ivermectin, milbemycin), nitrofurans (nitrofurantoin, hydroxymethylnitrofurantoin, nifurtimox, furazolidone, furapyrimidone), organophosphorals (metrifonate, haloxon), and aminophenyl-amidines], (ii) predominantly macrofilaricidal compounds [suramin, benzimidazoles (flubendazole, mebendazole, oxfendazole, ciclobendazole, albendazole, cambendazole, fenbendazole), and arsenicals (thiacetarsamide, Mel PH, R7/45)], and (iii) micro- and macrofilaricidal compounds [benzazole derivatives (CGP 20376 and other benzothiazoles) and nitrophenylamines (amoscanate, CGP 6140)]. Minimum effective doses against microfilariae and minimum curative doses against adult filariae as well as detailed data on dose-efficacy relationships are reported for the various drugs. The results obtained in M. coucha are compared with those published for other experimental in vivo filarial systems, thus attempting to describe a general status of in vivo antifilarial activity of the compounds.
Topics: Animals; Brugia; Dipetalonema Infections; Filariasis; Filaricides; Humans; Muridae
PubMed: 8094587
DOI: 10.1016/0001-706x(93)90010-9