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Tropenmedizin Und Parasitologie Jun 1979The intermediate host of Dipetalonema witei, the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata, can be infected experimentally with microfilariae. Microfilariae isolated from the blood...
The intermediate host of Dipetalonema witei, the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata, can be infected experimentally with microfilariae. Microfilariae isolated from the blood of infected donor animals were injected into the dorsal haemocoel of the ticks where they developed to infectious filariae within approx. 50 days. The rate of infection of ticks was 100% when more than 100 microfilariae were injected. An average of 23% was recovered as infectious filariae. Up to 450 ticks can be infected with 1000 microfilariae each from a single donor animal within one year, whereas donor animals can only be used for about 1 month if ticks are naturally infected. The method described has advantages compared to natural tick infections with respect to the rate of infection of ticks, the development of microfilariae, and the amount of infectious material produced.
Topics: Animals; Arachnid Vectors; Dipetalonema; Dipetalonema Infections; Filariasis; Microfilariae; Ticks
PubMed: 573516
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Parasitology Feb 2006In an attempt to study the occurrence of concomitant immunity in filarial infections, jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) were experimentally infected with Acanthocheilonema... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
In an attempt to study the occurrence of concomitant immunity in filarial infections, jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) were experimentally infected with Acanthocheilonema viteae, and patent animals were superinfected with a defined dose of A. viteae stage 3 larvae (L3). Infected animals harbored significantly less worms deriving from the superinfection than the control group (P < 0.05, 56.2%, and 63.4% protection), as shown by analysis of female worms 6 wk after superinfection on the basis of their developmental status and their length. This protection was not due to contact with L3 antigens because a significant reduction of worm burdens deriving of a superinfection was also observed after subcutaneous implantation of a single female worm (P < 0.05, 40.2% and 64.9% protection). The induced protective responses target L3 and restrict their migration because an established infection resulted in a reduction of L3 recovery (95.6% and 94.3%, P < 0.001) from tissues of jirds at day 5 after superinfection. Other data show that L3 from a superinfection are trapped within eosinophil-rich granulomas, which is likely to create unfavorable conditions for the worms and to lead to later death. Taken together, established A. viteae-infections partially protect hosts against homologous superinfection by an immune-mediated mechanism and, thus, regulate the population density of the parasites within the host by concomitant immunity.
Topics: Animals; Dipetalonema; Dipetalonema Infections; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gerbillinae; Larva; Male; Population Density; Statistics, Nonparametric; Time Factors
PubMed: 16629313
DOI: 10.1645/GE-3507.1 -
Acta Tropica Jun 1978The course of a primary infection with Dipetalonema viteae was studied in one randomly bred and in one inbred strain of hamster. Worm recovery and the duration and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The course of a primary infection with Dipetalonema viteae was studied in one randomly bred and in one inbred strain of hamster. Worm recovery and the duration and intensity of the microfilaraemia were analyzed and related to the humoral immune response of the host by using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test on frozen sections of female worms, on eggs and on intact microfilariae. The inbred strain showed a greater susceptibility to the parasite. This was evidenced by high worm recovery and prolonged microfilaraemia. The duration of microfilaraemia did not depend on the number of recovered female worms. Most of the randomly bred hamsters suppressed microfilaraemia by week 30 post infection whereas some hamsters of the inbred strain were still microfilaraemic. Splenectomy prior to infection did not affect the duration of microfilaraemia. Antibodies to the cuticle of microfilariae always appeared in the sera after immunity to circulating microfilariae had been built up.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Cricetinae; Dipetalonema; Dipetalonema Infections; Filariasis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Mesocricetus; Species Specificity; Splenectomy; Thymectomy
PubMed: 28654
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2012Parasitic infestations of the eye have been reported since centuries, affecting various parts of the eye. Some are subtle, coexisting with vision, while many others...
Parasitic infestations of the eye have been reported since centuries, affecting various parts of the eye. Some are subtle, coexisting with vision, while many others damage and destroy, in part or totally, the gift of sight. This report describes a patient with live subconjunctival dipetalonema infestation of the right eye, with 22 parasites removed live in one sitting from one eye.
Topics: Aged; Animals; Conjunctiva; Conjunctival Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Dipetalonema; Dipetalonema Infections; Eye Infections, Parasitic; Humans; Male
PubMed: 22569390
DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.95881 -
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Dec 1989Status of xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and lipid peroxidation, the enzymes metabolizing reactive oxygen intermediates in liver, lungs and spleen of...
Status of xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and lipid peroxidation, the enzymes metabolizing reactive oxygen intermediates in liver, lungs and spleen of M. natalensis during D. viteae infection was investigated. Xanthine oxidase and lipid peroxidation exhibited stimulation, while superoxide dismutase and catalase showed depression in liver and spleen of the infected animals. The filarial infection therefore appears to create O2 toxicity in these tissues. Lungs, on the other hand was found safe as it possessed elevated xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Lipid peroxidation in lungs operated below the control level. The impact of these changes in the establishment and development of the infection has been discussed.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Catalase; Dipetalonema Infections; Filariasis; Lipid Peroxidation; Muridae; Superoxide Dismutase; Xanthine Oxidase
PubMed: 2633968
DOI: No ID Found -
Parasitology Research Apr 2020At least two species of filarial worms, Dirofilaria immitis and Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) odendhali, infect otariid pinnipeds, including the California sea lion...
At least two species of filarial worms, Dirofilaria immitis and Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) odendhali, infect otariid pinnipeds, including the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). To date, evidence of infection in sea lions has come from dead or captive animals, and little is known about filariasis in free-living populations. We sampled 45 California sea lion adults and 197 pups captured at 12 rookeries from different ecological regions within the Gulf of California and detected and quantified D. immitis and A. odendhali microfilariae in blood smears. We investigated differences in prevalence and parasite load (intensity of infection) among ecological regions. Microfilariae were detected in the blood of 35 of the 45 (77.78%) adult females and in 1 of the 197 (0.51%) pups examined. The average burden of A. odendhali per microlitre of blood was nearly twice that of D. immitis. Prevalence and intensity of infection differed significantly among regions, being highest for colonies within the northern and northcentral regions and lowest in the southern region. Dirofilaria immitis and A. odendhali infections displayed a similar spatial pattern of prevalence. Colony density inversely predicted the prevalence of microfilariae. Based on the clinical parameters typically associated with filarial infections in carnivores and physical examinations, none of the sea lions appeared to have evidence of disease. This is a first approximation to investigate the prevalence of microfilaria infections in free-ranging California sea lions and to explore their relevance to population health.
Topics: Acanthocheilonema; Acanthocheilonemiasis; Animals; California; Dirofilaria immitis; Dirofilariasis; Female; Mexico; Parasite Load; Sea Lions
PubMed: 32166425
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06638-y -
Parasitology Research Oct 2008A total of 1,070 camels of different ages and of both sexes slaughtered at Mashhad slaughterhouse were inspected for infection with Dipetalonema evansi. Microfilariae...
A total of 1,070 camels of different ages and of both sexes slaughtered at Mashhad slaughterhouse were inspected for infection with Dipetalonema evansi. Microfilariae were found in peripheral blood smears of 221 (20.7%) camels (14% females and 23% males). In a second study, the testicles, epididymises, spermatic cords, and lungs of 197 male camels were examined, and 165 (83.7%) were infected with adult forms of D. evansi. Tissue sections from 30 infected and ten uninfected camels were collected and processed routinely for further histopathological studies. The arteries infected with D. evansi in the region of nodules in testis showed chronic reaction characterized by proliferative and hyperplastic changes of the endothelial and fibrous connective tissue layers, narrowing the lumen or occluding it. The testicles were either hypertrophic or atrophic and showed chronic orchitis with infiltration of lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages and fibroblasts, parenchymal degeneration, and necrosis and, in some cases, with hematoma and hydrocele formation. Necrosis of the alveolar walls, atelectasis, pulmonary edema, and fibrosis of the pulmonary parenchyma with chronic interstitial pneumonia and rarely mineralization of the wall of the blood vessels were also seen in some of the infected animals. D. evansi is highly endemic and constitutes an important health problem to camels in this area, resulting in high morbidity, impaired working capacity, and lowered productivity.
Topics: Animals; Camelus; Dirofilaria; Dirofilariasis; Epididymis; Female; Iran; Lung; Male; Prevalence; Spermatic Cord; Testis
PubMed: 18629537
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1104-3 -
Australian Veterinary Journal Jan 1973
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Australia; Blood; Dipetalonema; Dirofilariasis; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Filarioidea; Hair; Male; Nematode Infections; Seasons; Sex Factors
PubMed: 4734727
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1973.tb14675.x -
Journal of Helminthology Mar 1988Transplanted infections of Dipetalonema viteae and Brugia pahangi have been evaluated as tools for experimental chemotherapy. Attempts were made to establish these...
Transplanted infections of Dipetalonema viteae and Brugia pahangi have been evaluated as tools for experimental chemotherapy. Attempts were made to establish these filariae in similar pharmacokinetic sites within the same host, so that direct comparisons of in vivo drug susceptibilities could be made. Unfortunately, it was not possible to establish B. pahangi in the subcutaneous tissues, the preferred site of D. viteae. Therefore, intraperitoneal B. pahangi and subcutaneously implanted D. viteae in gerbils were used for the study. D. viteae infections were significantly enhanced by concomitant infections with B. pahangi, while B. pahangi infection rates were unaffected by the presence of D. viteae. Experiments with amoscanate, CGP6140 and Mel W demonstrated the importance of employing both B. pahangi and D. viteae for antifilarial discovery work and the fundamental effect of parasite location on drug efficacy. D. viteae rapidly migrate from the peritoneal cavity of gerbils following implantation; twenty one hours after infection 73% of transplanted worms were found in the subcutaneous tissues. It was shown that the migration response could be used as a stringent parameter for demonstrating antifilarial activity. D. viteae were exposed to antifilarial drugs for 24 hours in vitro, washed and implanted into the peritoneal cavity of gerbils. At autopsy, 5 days later, 10(-8)M ivermectin and milbemycin D had prevented migration; CGP6140, amoscanate, suramin, flubendazole and furapyrimidone were also detected at less than 10(-6)M using this parameter. In all cases the migration response was more sensitive to drugs than parasite kill. Ivermectin's ability to inhibit worm migration through the tissues is discussed, with respect to the role of itinerant males in the reproductive cycle of Onchocerca volvulus.
Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Brugia; Dipetalonema; Dipetalonema Infections; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Female; Filariasis; Filaricides; Gerbillinae; Male
PubMed: 3372973
DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00011123 -
Zeitschrift Fur Parasitenkunde (Berlin,... 1979Development of third-stage larvae of Dipetalonema viteae within subcutaneously implanted micropore chambers proceeded in all hosts tested up to the fourth-stage larvae... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Development of third-stage larvae of Dipetalonema viteae within subcutaneously implanted micropore chambers proceeded in all hosts tested up to the fourth-stage larvae and occasionally to adolescent worms. In the jird the timing of development was comparable to a natural infection. Although the mouse is an insusceptible host, larval development could take place, but was very slow. Two intraperitoneal inoculations of living third-stage larvae into mice induced the production of antibodies against the larval cuticle and against common antigens. In such immune mice the development of third- and fourth-stage larvae within micropore chambers was significantly inhibited, larval mortality was increased, and the larval motility was impaired.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Cricetinae; Dipetalonema; Host-Parasite Interactions; Immunization; Larva; Male; Mesocricetus; Mice; Rodentia; Species Specificity
PubMed: 575592
DOI: 10.1007/BF00927088