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Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal (Kiev,... 1999The review raises a problem of cooperation between a laboratory and clinics for diphtheria diagnosis. According to scientific literature nontoxigenic diphtheroids cause... (Review)
Review
The review raises a problem of cooperation between a laboratory and clinics for diphtheria diagnosis. According to scientific literature nontoxigenic diphtheroids cause different nosocomial infections of immunocompromised patients. Nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae may cause such systemic infections as septic arthritis and endocarditis in people belonging to unsecured strata of the society. A toxin which can be produced not only by C. diphtheriae but also by diphtheroids is the sole reason of diphtheric inflammation. The role of the C. diphtheriae nontoxigenic strains should be elucidated by the improving of standard methods and introduction of the methods of molecular biology for the toxigenicity assay of diphtheria strains (e.g. polymerase chain reaction). But a complexity of gene expression and difficulties in distinguishing between the infection and the microorganism colonization of a vaccinated person reserve the last word in the diagnosis of diphtheria for a clinical physician.
Topics: Corynebacterium; Corynebacterium Infections; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Diphtheria; Diphtheria Toxin; Humans
PubMed: 10565154
DOI: No ID Found -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Apr 2018
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Chile; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Diphtheria; Erythromycin; Penicillin G
PubMed: 29912257
DOI: 10.4067/s0716-10182018000200189 -
The Journal of Hygiene Dec 1984The incidence of diphtheria has declined in North America during the last fifty years until it is now an uncommon disease. This general pattern is similar to that seen...
The incidence of diphtheria has declined in North America during the last fifty years until it is now an uncommon disease. This general pattern is similar to that seen in other developed countries with well-organized immunization programmes, but certain noteworthy characteristics have been observed in recent years: foci of infection lingered in two population groups of low socio-economic status, in both of which the skin has been an important reservoir. In central areas of certain cities, endemic diphtheria, chiefly cutaneous, has occurred amongst indigent adult males living in unhygienic conditions; and in the native Indian population of Northern Canada diphtheria infection has been endemic in infants and children, many of the infections being of the skin or ear and toxic disease being uncommon. During the last few years, diphtheria outbreaks have not been reported in urban areas and possibly endemicity is now restricted to northern native populations. The number of infections detected in these northern endemic areas is steadily decreasing.
Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophages; Canada; Child; Child, Preschool; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Diphtheria; Drug Resistance, Microbial; History, 20th Century; Humans; Otitis; Pharyngeal Diseases; Skin Diseases; United States
PubMed: 6439781
DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400065013 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jan 2023In 2019, a community-based, cross-sectional carriage survey and a seroprevalence survey of 1,216 persons 1-55 years of age were conducted in rural Vietnam to investigate...
In 2019, a community-based, cross-sectional carriage survey and a seroprevalence survey of 1,216 persons 1-55 years of age were conducted in rural Vietnam to investigate the mechanism of diphtheria outbreaks. Seroprevalence was further compared with that of an urban area that had no cases reported for the past decade. Carriage prevalence was 1.4%. The highest prevalence, 4.5%, was observed for children 1-5 years of age. Twenty-seven asymptomatic Coerynebacterium diphtheriae carriers were identified; 9 carriers had tox gene-bearing strains, and 3 had nontoxigenic tox gene-bearing strains. Child malnutrition was associated with low levels of diphtheria toxoid IgG, which might have subsequently increased child carriage prevalence. Different immunity patterns in the 2 populations suggested that the low immunity among children caused by low vaccination coverage increased transmission, resulting in symptomatic infections at school-going age, when vaccine-induced immunity waned most. A school-entry booster dose and improved infant vaccination coverage are recommended to control transmissions.
Topics: Child; Infant; Humans; Diphtheria; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Vietnam; Corynebacterium; Vaccination; Corynebacterium diphtheriae
PubMed: 36573549
DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.220975 -
The Medical Journal of Malaysia Oct 2018In November 2016, a 28-year-old Malay man presented to the emergency department in respiratory distress, with a history of fever and sore throat. A clinical diagnosis of...
In November 2016, a 28-year-old Malay man presented to the emergency department in respiratory distress, with a history of fever and sore throat. A clinical diagnosis of acute diphtheria was made and the patient was isolated and ventilated in the intensive care unit, and received diphtheria antitoxin and intravenous antibiotics. Initial laboratory findings failed to confirm diphtheria, leading to discontinuation of antibiotics and quarantine. Public health measures were reinstated after a reference laboratory cultured Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Although there was no contact with ill persons, investigation revealed incomplete immunisation history, and injection of high dose steroids prior to onset of symptoms.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Diphtheria; Diphtheria Antitoxin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Malaysia; Male
PubMed: 30350821
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Feb 2000Clinical diphtheria reappeared in Estonia in 1991. Between 1991 and 1996, 61 cases and 5 deaths occurred; 19 cases were among children 5-9 years of age, and 11 were...
Clinical diphtheria reappeared in Estonia in 1991. Between 1991 and 1996, 61 cases and 5 deaths occurred; 19 cases were among children 5-9 years of age, and 11 were among persons 40-49 years of age. From 1993-1995, vaccine supplies donated by Finland were used in vaccination programs. In 1995, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the Estonian Red Cross launched a mass vaccination campaign targeting the adult population. By the end of 1997, it was estimated that 46% of adults had received at least one dose of vaccine. Although the vaccination campaigns did not target the pediatric population, vaccination coverage in school-aged children remained high due to continuing routine vaccination programs. The reappearance and epidemic of clinical diphtheria cases and the mass vaccination campaign efforts demonstrated that preventive measures are important and must be maintained in order to keep diphtheria under control.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Diphtheria; Diphtheria Toxoid; Disease Notification; Disease Outbreaks; Estonia; Humans; Immunization Programs; Immunization Schedule; Incidence; Infant; Middle Aged; National Health Programs
PubMed: 10657193
DOI: 10.1086/315541 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Feb 2000A resurgence of diphtheria spread throughout the Russian Federation in the early 1990s; diphtheria had been well controlled, but circulation of toxigenic strains of...
A resurgence of diphtheria spread throughout the Russian Federation in the early 1990s; diphtheria had been well controlled, but circulation of toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae had persisted since the implementation of universal childhood vaccination in the late 1950s. More than 115,000 cases and 3,000 deaths were reported from 1990 to 1997, and, in contrast to the situation in the prevaccine era, most of the cases and deaths occurred among adults. Contributing factors included the accumulation of susceptible individuals among both adults and children and probably the introduction of new strains of C. diphtheriae. Vaccine quality, vaccine supply, or access to vaccine providers did not significantly contribute to the epidemic. Mass vaccination of adults and improved childhood immunization controlled the epidemic. High levels of population immunity, especially among children, will be needed to prevent and control similar outbreaks in the future.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Diphtheria; Diphtheria Toxoid; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Disease Notification; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunization Programs; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Middle Aged; National Health Programs; Population Surveillance; Program Evaluation; Russia
PubMed: 10657187
DOI: 10.1086/315535 -
The Journal of Infection Nov 1992A 19-year-old woman presented with cellulitis of her foot 10 days after returning from Bali. Swabs of a central necrotic area grew toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae...
A 19-year-old woman presented with cellulitis of her foot 10 days after returning from Bali. Swabs of a central necrotic area grew toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae biotype gravis. The patient was treated with parenteral penicillin and made a complete recovery. Diphtheria immunisation should be regularly updated for travellers to the tropics. Clinical and laboratory recognition of this infection is essential for appropriate public health measures to be undertaken.
Topics: Adult; Cellulitis; Contact Tracing; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Diphtheria; Female; Foot Diseases; Humans; Penicillins; Risk Factors; Travel
PubMed: 1474268
DOI: 10.1016/0163-4453(92)91639-s -
Zoonoses and Public Health Mar 2024Diphtheria caused by toxin-producing Corynebacterium ulcerans is a re-emerging human disease that can cause local and systemic sequelae. In Australia, toxigenic...
BACKGROUND
Diphtheria caused by toxin-producing Corynebacterium ulcerans is a re-emerging human disease that can cause local and systemic sequelae. In Australia, toxigenic diphtheria is a rare notifiable communicable disease, due to high-vaccination coverage. The public health management of cutaneous cases of toxigenic C. ulcerans varies between jurisdictions, as opposed to the more uniform public health response to toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae presenting as respiratory or laryngeal diphtheria.
AIM
To report a case of zoonotically acquired C. ulcerans, review evidence on the zoonotic reservoir and reported transmission events, and examine public health guidelines for the management of human and animal contacts.
METHODS AND RESULTS
In this case report, we detail our case investigation, treatment and public health management, including contact tracing and an approach to animal testing. We successfully identified companion canines as probable sources for the human case, with WGS confirming the link. The zoonotic disease link of C. ulcerans to domestic and agricultural animals is established in the literature; however, the management of animal contacts in human cases is inconsistent with jurisdictional or national guidelines.
CONCLUSIONS
While a rare disease, a consistent approach to public health management is warranted to systematically elucidate the disease source and improve understanding of transmission.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Dogs; Diphtheria Toxin; Diphtheria; Corynebacterium; Zoonoses; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37957801
DOI: 10.1111/zph.13094 -
Epidemiology and Infection Jul 2017An outbreak of respiratory diphtheria occurred in two health districts in the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa in 2015. A multidisciplinary outbreak response...
An outbreak of respiratory diphtheria occurred in two health districts in the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa in 2015. A multidisciplinary outbreak response team was involved in the investigation and management of the outbreak. Fifteen cases of diphtheria were identified, with ages ranging from 4 to 41 years. Of the 12 cases that were under the age of 18 years, 9 (75%) were not fully immunized for diphtheria. The case fatality was 27%. Ninety-three household contacts, 981 school or work contacts and 595 healthcare worker contacts were identified and given prophylaxis against Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection. A targeted vaccination campaign for children aged 6-15 years was carried out at schools in the two districts. The outbreak highlighted the need to improve diphtheria vaccination coverage in the province and to investigate the feasibility of offering diphtheria vaccines to healthcare workers.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Diphtheria; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Immunization; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; South Africa; Young Adult
PubMed: 28478776
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268817000851