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Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2007Infection and disease in reservoir and spillover hosts determine patterns of infectious agent availability and opportunities for infection, which then govern the process... (Review)
Review
Infection and disease in reservoir and spillover hosts determine patterns of infectious agent availability and opportunities for infection, which then govern the process of transmission between susceptible species. In this chapter, using the zoonotic agents Hendra virus and Nipah virus as examples, the pathogenesis of infection in various species including the wildlife reservoirs and domestic spillover hosts is reviewed with an emphasis on the aspects of pathogenesis which contribute to the dissemination of infection. Through these discussions, the emergence of these zoonotic agents is explored.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Reservoirs; Hendra Virus; Henipavirus Infections; Humans; Nipah Virus; Species Specificity; Virus Diseases; Zoonoses
PubMed: 17848063
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_6 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Dec 2019Dogs are the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum and in some countries have been regularly culled as part of government policy to control visceral leishmaniasis. At...
Dogs are the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum and in some countries have been regularly culled as part of government policy to control visceral leishmaniasis. At the 13th Symposium of the Companion Vector-Borne Diseases World Forum in Windsor, UK, March 19-22, 2018, we consolidated a consensus statement regarding the usefulness of dog culling as a means of controlling visceral leishmaniasis. The statement highlighted the futility of culling infected dogs, whether healthy or sick, as a measure to control the domestic reservoir of L. infantum and reduce the risk for visceral leishmaniasis.
Topics: Animals; Disease Reservoirs; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Leishmaniasis; Leishmaniasis, Visceral
PubMed: 31742505
DOI: 10.3201/eid2512.190164 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Sep 2017Central to the One Health approach and any disease eradication program is the question of whether a pathogen has a non-human reservoir. Despite well-established... (Review)
Review
Central to the One Health approach and any disease eradication program is the question of whether a pathogen has a non-human reservoir. Despite well-established conceptual frameworks that define a reservoir of infection, empirical characterization of reservoirs often remains controversial, challenging and sometimes misleading. What is essentially missing are applicable requirements that standardize the use of the term 'reservoir of infection' across multiple disciplines. We propose an empirical framework, considering maintenance and feasible transmission of a pathogen, to standardize the acceptance of a disease reservoir across multiple disciplines. We demonstrate the intended use of these requirements by applying them to different diseases that are known to infect both humans and animals.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Communicable Disease Control; Disease Eradication; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Humans; One Health; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 28874791
DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.65 -
Journal of the Royal Society, Interface Jul 2022In this article, we take a mathematical approach to the study of population-level disease spread, performing a quantitative and qualitative investigation of an model...
In this article, we take a mathematical approach to the study of population-level disease spread, performing a quantitative and qualitative investigation of an model which is a susceptible-infectious-susceptible () model with exposure to an external disease reservoir. The external reservoir is non-dynamic, and exposure from the external reservoir is assumed to be proportional to the size of the susceptible population. The full stochastic system is modelled using a master equation formalism. A constant population size assumption allows us to solve for the stationary probability distribution, which is then used to investigate the predicted disease prevalence under a variety of conditions. By using this approach, we quantify outbreak vulnerability by performing the sensitivity analysis of disease prevalence to changing population characteristics. In addition, the shape of the probability density function is used to understand where, in parameter space, there is a transition from disease free, to disease present, and to a disease endemic system state. Finally, we use Kullback-Leibler divergence to compare our semi-analytical results for the model with more complex susceptible-infectious-recovered () and susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered () models.
Topics: Communicable Diseases; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Susceptibility; Epidemiological Models; Humans; Models, Biological; Stochastic Processes
PubMed: 35857906
DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0253 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 2022Cytauxzoon felis is a hematoprotozoan parasite with a complex life cycle involving a tick-vector and a mammalian host. The mammalian hosts are all felidae but in the... (Review)
Review
Cytauxzoon felis is a hematoprotozoan parasite with a complex life cycle involving a tick-vector and a mammalian host. The mammalian hosts are all felidae but in the bobcat reservoir host, the parasite typically causes only a brief, self-resolving illness followed by a prolonged subclinical infection. In domestic cats, however, infection often leads to an acute febrile illness characterized by severe morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis is based on microscopic identification of parasites or molecular testing. Treatment for ill cats is expensive, difficult, and often unsuccessful. Prevention is quite possible and depends on avoidance of feeding by vector ticks.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Disease Reservoirs; Piroplasmida; Lynx; Ticks; Cat Diseases
PubMed: 36336418
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.06.007 -
Communications Biology Nov 2021Powassan virus lineage 2 (deer tick virus) is an emergent threat to American public health, causing severe neurologic disease. Its life cycle in nature remains poorly...
Powassan virus lineage 2 (deer tick virus) is an emergent threat to American public health, causing severe neurologic disease. Its life cycle in nature remains poorly understood. We use a host-specific retrotransposon-targeted real time PCR assay to test the hypothesis that white-footed mice, considered the main eastern U.S. reservoir of the coinfecting agent of Lyme disease, is the reservoir for deer tick virus. Of 20 virus-infected host-seeking nymphal black-legged ticks 65% fed on shrews and none on mice. The proportion of ticks feeding on shrews at a site is positively associated with prevalence of viral infection, but not the Lyme disease agent. Viral RNA is detected in the brain of one shrew. We conclude that shrews are a likely reservoir host for deer tick virus and that host bloodmeal analysis can provide direct evidence to incriminate reservoir hosts, thereby promoting our understanding of the ecology of tick-borne infections.
Topics: Animals; Disease Reservoirs; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne; Massachusetts; Rhode Island; Shrews
PubMed: 34811484
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02828-1 -
Current Opinion in Virology Oct 2020Influenza D is the only type of influenza virus that mainly affects cattle with frequent spillover to other species. Since the initial description of influenza D virus... (Review)
Review
Influenza D is the only type of influenza virus that mainly affects cattle with frequent spillover to other species. Since the initial description of influenza D virus (IDV) in 2011, the virus has been found to circulate among cattle and swine populations worldwide. Research conducted during the past several years has led to an increased understanding of this novel influenza virus with bovines as a reservoir. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of epidemiology and host range of IDV followed by discussion of infection biology and animal model development for IDV. Finally, we review progress towards understanding of the pathogenesis and host response of IDV as well as developing preventive vaccines for IDV.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Cattle; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Reservoirs; Genome, Viral; Host Specificity; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Mice; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Swine; Thogotovirus; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32932215
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.08.004 -
Advances in Parasitology 2018Although any fish-eating mammals could be potential definitive hosts of Opisthorchis viverrini, only a few, especially cats and dogs, are actually known reservoir hosts... (Review)
Review
Although any fish-eating mammals could be potential definitive hosts of Opisthorchis viverrini, only a few, especially cats and dogs, are actually known reservoir hosts for this parasite. Both animals usually get infected via consuming raw or undercooked contaminated fish, fish dishes or food remains from households. The infected animals sustain parasite egg spread via open environment defecation. Cats are the most important reservoir with higher prevalence rates of O. viverrini infection than dogs in endemic areas. Usually Opisthorchis-infected animals do not exhibit apparent clinical symptoms or specific abnormalities in laboratory examinations. Pathological findings in these animal reservoirs are basically similar to those seen in humans and experimental animals, namely periductal inflammation, biliary hyperplasia and periductal fibrosis. However, O. viverrini-associated cholangiocarcinoma has not yet been reported in the reservoir animals at present. Praziquantel is a treatment of choice not only for humans but also for animal reservoirs. Integrated control of opisthorchiasis in animal reservoirs is based on holistic approaches such as EcoHealth/One Health concepts. In fact integrated control of opisthorchiasis in humans in ecosystem has also proved successful, for example, the Lawa model for opisthorchiasis control in the endemic area of Khon Kaen, Thailand. Other feral and wild animals in endemic areas might also be potential reservoirs, and this requires more investigation. In addition, genetic diversity and evolution of the flukes might also influence zoonotic capability.
Topics: Animals; Disease Reservoirs; Ecosystem; Humans; Opisthorchiasis; Opisthorchis; Praziquantel; Thailand
PubMed: 29907256
DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.05.003 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Sep 2019The risk of zoonotic spillover from reservoir hosts, such as wildlife or domestic livestock, to people is shaped by the spatial and temporal distribution of infection in... (Review)
Review
The risk of zoonotic spillover from reservoir hosts, such as wildlife or domestic livestock, to people is shaped by the spatial and temporal distribution of infection in reservoir populations. Quantifying these distributions is a key challenge in epidemiology and disease ecology that requires researchers to make trade-offs between the extent and intensity of spatial versus temporal sampling. We discuss sampling methods that strengthen the reliability and validity of inferences about the dynamics of zoonotic pathogens in wildlife hosts. This article is part of the theme issue 'Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover'.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Disease Reservoirs; Epidemiological Monitoring; Population Surveillance; Reproducibility of Results; Zoonoses
PubMed: 31401966
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0336 -
Medical Anthropology May 2023The introduction of the special issue "Disease Reservoirs: Anthropological and Historical Approaches" sets out the origins and trajectories of disease reservoir...
The introduction of the special issue "Disease Reservoirs: Anthropological and Historical Approaches" sets out the origins and trajectories of disease reservoir frameworks. First, it charts the emergence and elaborations of the reservoirs concept within and across early 20th-century colonial contexts, emphasising its configuration within imperial projects that sought to identify, map and control spaces of contagion among humans, animals, and pathogens. Following this, it traces the position the reservoir framework assumed within post-colonial practices and imaginaries of global health, with particular reference to the emerging infectious disease paradigm. The introduction shows that, in contemporary usages, while the concept continues to frame animals, humans and their bodies as containers of previously identified pathogens, it also emphasises the imperative of anticipating as-of-yet unknown diseases, harboured in the bodies of certain animals, through networks and techniques of surveillance. Consequently, the introduction argues that the notion of disease reservoirs remains intimately intertwined with concerns over the classification, organization, and management of peoples, pathogens, animals, and space. Finally, the introduction outlines the seven papers that form this special issue, stressing how they dialogue, complement, and challenge previous historical and anthropological approaches to disease reservoirs, with an eye to opening up new avenues for cross-disciplinary exploration.
Topics: Animals; Humans; One Health; Anthropology, Medical; Disease Reservoirs; Medicine; Communicable Diseases, Emerging
PubMed: 37522963
DOI: 10.1080/01459740.2023.2214950